Study Guide for Exam 1 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Chapter 1 History Theory and Applied Directions Know the distinctions between the three grand theories of development The three grand theories of development are the psychoanalytical theory behaviorism and the cognitive theory The psychoanalytical theory has to do with the irrational unconscious drives and motives that often originate in child hood and they underline the person s behavior Behaviorism studies unobservable behavior and has to do with the grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior The cognitive theory focuses on changes in how people think over time and has to do with the states that our thoughts shape our attitudes beliefs and behaviors What psychologists were famous for founding and or revolutionizing their respective fields within these types of psychology Sigmund Freud Initially sought a cure for emotionally troubled adults by having them freely talk about painful events in their childhood He then examined the unconscious motivations of his patients and constructed his psychosexual theory which emphasizes that how parents manage their child s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial to their personality The three parts of his personality theory are the ID Ego and Superego psychosocial conflict which is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative that determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes at each stage John Watson emphasized how all behavior is learned and that studies should be made on what a person does and not what they think or feel Jean Piaget is responsible for the stages of sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational and formal operation These are all the stages of cognitive development Erikson Psychosocial stage As children grow up they are faced with a What are the distinctions between classical and operant conditioning John Watson classical conditioning the environment is the supreme force in the development and that adults can mold children s behavior by carefully controlling stimulus response associations Associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus produces a reflexive response Ex Dog associates trainer neutral stimulus with another stimulus food that produces salivation reflexive response Because of this association the neutral stimulus alone could bring about a response resembling the reflex increased by following it with a variety of reinforcers food drink praise smile or decreased through punishment such as disapproval B F Skinner operant conditioning the frequency of behavior can be How were Freud and Erickson similar and dissimilar as psychoanalytic psychologists Specifically how did their stages of development compare Erickson emphasized that in addition to mediating between ID impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society Be able to recognize examples of positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement and negative punishment Reinforcement a technique for conditioning behavior where behavior is followed by something not desired Negative reinforcement taking away something undesirable to increase that specific behavior Ex Coach says everyone did good today so no sprints Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited making the behavior more likely to happen in the future Ex Mother gives her son praise positive stimulus for doing homework behavior Boy then receives 5 positive stimulus for every A he earns on his report card behavior Negative reinforcement is NOT a punishment it is used to INCREASE a behavior where punishment is used to DECREASE a behavior Examples of this often include doing a behavior to avoid a punishment Punishment is a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior which decreases the future frequency of that behavior Negative punishment happens when a certain desired stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited resulting in the behavior happening less often Ex Matt loves gym class He is removed from that class desired stimulus and sent to principal s office because they were acting out misbehaving behavior Positive punishment presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited making the behavior less likely to happen Ex a child picks his nose during class behavior and the teacher reprimands him negative stimulus in front of his classmates What did Harry Harlow find was important in relation to what baby rhesus monkeys need when given the opportunity to spend time with a cloth surrogate mother or a wire surrogate mother that does or does not provide them with food How does modeling work according to social learning theory Harry Harlow s experiment separated baby monkeys from their mother at 6 12 hours after birth and were raised by surrogate mothers One of them was covered in heavy wired mesh while the other was wood covered in cloth Both had nipples for the monkey to feed off of When both of the surrogate mothers were presented the monkeys had a tendency to cuddle next to the cloth monkeys proving that the need for closeness and affection goes deeper than need for warmth Modeling is the most influential type of social learning which is also known as imitation or observational learning When a baby sees a mother clap her hands the baby tries to clap her hands Many factors influence a child s motivation to imitate including their own history of reinforcement or punishment of the behavior the promise or future reinforcement of the behavior and even observing the model of being reinforced or punished What can we learn about social learning from Albert Bandura s study Bandura s experiment was used to study children s behavior after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a bobo doll He would observe the children s behavior after they saw the model get rewarded for the behavior get punished or experience no consequence at all for beating up the doll He then observed the children s behavior towards the bobo doll when they would play with it to prove that the
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