DEP3103 Fall 2014 Study Guide Exam 3 Chapter 10 Emotional Development Any lecture material we covered This is an outline of the slides that did not fit into the other sections exactly o Emotional Development For many years emotion was neglected in the study of children s development It was overshadowed by cognition One of the studies that helped to establish the critical importance of emotional development and attachment was not on humans but on another primate rhesus monkeys Today emotion is increasingly important in conceptualizations of development Even infants show different emotional styles display varying temperaments and begin to form emotional bonds with their caregivers o Functions of Emotions Central in all our endeavors Cognition o Lead to learning essential for survival o Can impair learning Social Health o Affect behavior of others o Regulate own behavior o Influence well being growth o Stress related to disease o Ethological Theory of Attachment Attachment develops in 4 phases 1 Preattachment phase birth to 6 weeks Babies recognize their own mother s smell and voice but are not yet attached to her and do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult 2 Attachment in the making phase 6 weeks to 6 8 months Infants begin to develop a sense of trust the expectation that the caregiver will respond when signaled but still do not object to separation 3 Clear cut attachment phase 6 8 months to 18 months 2 years Babies display separation anxiety becoming upset when the primary caregiver leaves 4 Formation of a reciprocal relationship 18 months to 2 years and on Rapid growth in language enables toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parent s coming and going and to predict her return separation protest declines Rhesus monkeys Showed that attachment does not depends on hunger satisfaction but on emotion physical o Henry Harlow contact o The Strange Situation Attachment A widely used laboratory technique for measuring the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age is the Strange Situation Developed by Mary Ainsworth Method Series of interactions between a parent infant and unfamiliar woman stranger Designed to assess infant s attachment style by observing the child s behaviors each time he she is separated from or reunited with the parent 1 Separation anxiety becoming upset when the primary caregiver leaves o Increases at age when children aware parent exists when not present Discovered 4 types of attachment secure resistant avoidant disorganized o Attachment Psychopathology Attachment may serve as a risk factor or protective factor Psychopathology in Childhood Oppositional Defiant Disorder o Stability of attachment Usually stable for middle SES Favorable life conditions Low SES Many daily stresses Security insecurity OR Change one insecure pattern to another Most stable types Secure Disorganized disoriented Know the Functions of Emotions section particularly the functionalist approach to emotion and the different domains emotions are involved in e g cognitive processing social behavior o Emotion A rapid appraisal of the personal significance of the situation which prepares you for action Emotion is triggered because the situation is important to the individual For example happiness leads you to approach sadness to passively withdraw fear to actively move away and anger to overcome obstacles An emotion then express your readiness then expresses your readiness to establish maintain or change your relation to the environment on a matter of importance to you Emphasizes that the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining o Functionalist approach to emotion personal goals Emotions arise from ongoing exchanges between the person and the environment flexibly serving different functions as the individual s circumstances change In this view emotions are central in all our endeavors cognitive processing social behavior and physical health o Central to personal goals and how and why we attain them o Emotions and Cognitive Processing Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival No Don t touch the fire or electrical outlet or stove etc OR get too close to the edge where can hurt self Don t have to experience a burn or fall to avoid the danger The emotion cognition relationship is evident in the impact of anxiety on performance test talent show show tell High anxiety impairs thinking especially on complex tasks by diverting attention from cognitive processing to task irrelevant threatening stimuli and worrisome thoughts Emotions also powerfully affect memory fear of doctor after shot Focused more attention on the threatening experience The relationship between emotion and cognition is bidirectional a dynamic interplay already under way in early infancy The babies learning that pulling a lever produced happy sights and sounds When it stopped doing so the babies showed signs of anger or sadness o Emotions and Social Behavior 2 Children s emotional signals powerfully affect the behavior of others whose emotional reactions in turn regulate children s social behavior Still face reaction occurs when parents have a blank or depressive emotional state and don t respond to their child s communication Then the baby turns around frowns and cries 2 7 mo olds With age infants begin to initiate as well as respond to emotional expressions of others to assess their intentions and perceptions By the end of the first year babies become increasingly skilled at joint attention following the caregiver s line of regard Infants pick up verbal emotional information Through social referencing young children learn how to behave in a great many everyday situations o Emotions and Health Two childhood growth disorders resulting from emotional deprivation are nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism Persistent psychological stress is associated with a variety of health difficulties from infancy to adulthood o Other Features of the Functionalist Approach Emotions contribute to the emergence of self awareness Self efficacy confidence in their own ability to control events in their surroundings To adapt to physical and social world children must gain control over their emotions Master their culture s rules Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of Emotional Expression section o Basic Emotions Happiness interest surprise fear anger and disgust are the universal
View Full Document
Unlocking...