DEP3103 Study Guide for Exam 2 Chapter 5 Physical Growth Know the main factors that affect physical growth o Heredity when diet and health are adequate height and rate of physical growth are largely determined by heredity As long as negative environmental influences poor nutrition illness are not severe children and adolescents typically show catch up growth a return to a genetically influenced growth path once conditions improve Genes influence growth by controlling the body s production of and sensitivity to hormones mutations can disrupt this process leading to devastations in physical size o Nutrition Nutrition is especially crucial during the first two years when infants need extra calories to keep their rapidly developing organs functioning properly during a time of rapid brain and body growth 25 of babies total caloric intake is devoted to growth and infants need extra calories to keep their rapidly developing organs functioning properly Children tend to imitate the food choices and eating practices of adults and peers they admire and are most likely to accept a new food after repeated unpressured exposure to it By 1 should get all food groups appetite becomes unpredictable by 2 like of familiar foods need high quality diet social environment influences food choices Imitate admired people Repeated exposure to foods better chance of acceptance Emotional climate parental pressure NOT pressuring helps food acceptance Poverty limits choices Good nutrition starts with mother s milk Less likely to get sick better childhood vision Benefits for mom as well easier to bond reduced risk of breast cancer easier to travel Other benefits of breast milk correct fat protein balance nutritionally complete more digestible disease protection better growth better jaw and tooth development easier transition to solid food breastfed babies are leaner at the end of the first year breastfed babies in poverty stricken regions are much less likely to be malnourished and far more likely to survive the first year of life than bottle fed babies who are vulnerable to illness caused by contamination resulting from poor sanitation Marasmus wasting condition when moms diet is too low in essential nutrients and the baby doesn t get enough breast milk or bottle milk super skinny kids Kwashiorkor unbalanced diet with low protein the kids with the super large belly where you get just enough calories through starchy food but not enough protein very irritable Iron Deficiency Anemia unbalanced diet with low iron causes central nervous system issues including lack of attention withdrawal and listlessness Spreading to developed countries 15 in U S Food insecurity uncertain access to healthy food In childhood and adolescence Appetite unpredictable in preschool age children o Like familiar foods o Need structured choices o Too much parental control limits self control Clean your plate Health Risks for Obese Children In industrialized countries and increasingly in developing countries as well overweight and obesity are growing problems with health psychological and social consequences A rise in overweight and obesity has also occurred in other Western nations and obesity rates are increasing rapidly in developing countries as well as urbanization shifts the population toward sedentary lifestyles and diets high in meats and refined foods About 25 of north American children and adolescents are overweight More likely to be overweight adults Overweight rises with age to nearly 30 percent among North American teenagers over 80 percent of who become overweight adults Adult onset Type 2 in overweight children is rising rapidly Many health risks o Diabetes o Blood pressure cholesterol o Respiratory problems o Sleep digestive disorders Causes Correlates of Obesity Overweight parents low SES less nightly sleep family eating habits response to food cues low physical activity television cultural dietary conditions Heredity accounts for a tendency to gain weight but environmental factors play a key role In industrialized nations a consistent relationship exists between low education and income and overweight and obesity especially among certain ethnic minorities Children who get less nightly sleep appear to be at greater risk for overweight perhaps because lack of sleep disrupts the brain s regulation of hunger and metabolism A follow up of more than 2 000 U S 3 to 12 year olds revealed that children who got less nightly sleep were more likely to be overweight five years later than their well rested peers Overweight parents often offer their children diets high in calories and in sugary and fatty foods parents may also play a negative role by overfeeding pressuring children to eat or being overly controlling so that children do not learn to regulate their own food intake Compared to their normal weight age mates obese children are less responsive to internal hunger cues Because of these experiences obese children develop maladaptive eating habits Overweight children are less physically active than their normal weight peers and the same is true of their parents Excessive TV The broader cultural environment including increased consumption of fast foods outside watching is associated with weight gain as both cause and consequence the home has also affected the incidence of obesity Persistent obesity from childhood into adolescence predicts serious disorders including defiance aggression and severe depression Most obese children do not receive any treatment o Infectious disease in developing nations where a large proportion of the population lives in poverty children do not receive routine immunizations As a result illnesses such as measles and chicken pox which typically do not appear until after age 3 in industrialized nations occur much earlier Poor diet depresses the body s immune system making children far more susceptible to disease Illness reduces appetite and limits the body s ability to absorb foods Diarrhea is a growth stunting disease that accounts for nearly 3 million childhood deaths each year o Emotional well being growth faltering applied to infants whose weight height and head circumference are substantially below age related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic In as many as half such cases a disturbed parent infant relationship contributes to the failure to grow normally These children often keep their eyes on nearby adults anxiously watching their every move and they rarely smile at their caregiver
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