Child Development Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 10 Functions of emotions o Emotions appraisal of the personal significance of a situation o Functionalist approach to emotion Emphasizes that the function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at reaching personal goals Emotions are central to everything we do o Emotions and cognitive processing Emotions can assist in survival behaviors Anxiety impacts performance Children in the doctor s remembered the experience more when they were anxious stressed Emotion and cognition is bidirectional o Emotions and social behavior Emotional signals powerfully affect the behavior of others as well as regulate their social behaviors Studies showed that by 3 months infants will communicate with their caregivers through emotional signals and when they receive no response from the caregiver still face they become sad o Emotions and health Influence children s physical well being Constant stress could lead to anxiety depressed mood anger and irritability gastrointestinal difficulties Shown through children that were adopted from a Romanian orphanage that lacked emotional care of children Children were stressed much more easily than children that were not deprived of emotional care Growth faltering and psychosocial dwarfism all involve emotional deprivation Development of emotional expression o Basic emotions Happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust Universal in humans Seen through facial expressions Help with survival Global arousal states Attracted to pleasant stimulation Withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation Happiness Anger and sadness Expressed first by smiles and then through laughter Smiles start at birth o Usually a response to being full during REM sleep or to sounds and touches Social smile laughter o occurs at 6 10 weeks o when a parent evokes a grin from then infant o occurs at 3 4 months o First starts as just a response to stimuli but occurs more once they understand the world Response to unpleasant experiences From 4 6 months to 2 years angry expressions will increase in intensity and frequency Happens because children start wanting to control their actions and not being able to get a desired situation Rises halfway through first year and into the second Stranger anxiety 8 12 months o Most frequent expression of fear o Wary of unfamiliar adults Fear year o Doesn t always happen o Depends on A child s temperament Past experiences Current situation Once fear rises after 6 months infants use a secure base o Usually caregiver o Point from which they can leave and explore and be able to go back to for emotional support Involves injury or enhancement of our sense of self Embarrassment envy guilt and pride Appears in the middle of the second year Need an adult to guide when to feel these emotions Self conscious emotions Emotional self regulation Strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals Voluntary management of emotions Improves gradual as the brain develops and with caregivers assistant Infancy o Control of emotions is limited o The more stimulation the more they are able to explore and regulate these emotions Early childhood o After 2 years of age children will frequently talk about feelings o Will look at how parents handle their feelings o Parental guidance helps them understand their emotions Middle childhood adolescence o Become more aware of different feelings and ways to express it Appraise a situation as changeable look o Problem centered coping for a solution o Emotion centered coping Internal private and aimed at controlling distress when the outcome can t be controlled Emotional display rules When where and how it s appropriate to express emotions Culture dependent Understand and responding to others emotions o Emotional expression is tied to the ability to interpret the emotional cues of others o Occurs early as infants start matching expressions to emotions o Social referencing Relying on another person s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation Caregivers voice helps differentiate between emotions o Empathy and sympathy Empathy Awareness of emotions and experience of those emotions are required for empathic response Involves complex interaction of cognition and affect Ability to feel with another person Motivator of altruistic behavior o Actions that benefit another person without benefiting self Starts early baby crying when other babies cry Starts when self awareness strengthens Increases over years Sympathy Feelings of sorrow for another s plight Temperament and development o Temperament individual difference in reactivity and self o Structure Thomas and Chess s model of temperament Quickly est routines and generally cheerful regulation Easy child Difficult child Irregular daily routines slow to accept new experiences and tend to react negatively Slow to warm up child Inactive Shows mild reactions to stimuli is negative in mood but adjusts to experiences o Effortful control Capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response o Measuring temperament Assessed through interviews or questionnaires given to parents and observations Shy inhibited children Who react negatively to and withdraw from novel Sociable uninhibited children Display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli stimuli o Stability of temperament Not very stable Varies between children As they age different experiences begin to occur causing the instability Effected by Biological systems Effortful control Success of efforts Quality and intensity of emotional reactivity Genetic foundation Cultural variation o Goodness of fit model Explains how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes Helps explain why difficult children are at high risk for later Positive and sensitive emotional parenting increases adjustment problems emotion regulation Matching temperament and child rearing earlier is better Development of attachment o Attachment Strong affectionate tie we have with certain people in our lives that lead us to experience pleasure and joy when we re interacting with them o Ethological theory of attachment Recognizes the infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival Most widely accepted view Four phases Preattachment o Birth to 6 weeks o Built in signals help newborns have a close relationship with other humans Attachment in the making o 6
View Full Document
Unlocking...