Phinney et al 1 Describe the difference between race and ethnicity a Race is based on some kind of phenotypical trait what you look like i Black White or Asian ii Socially constructed a b Ethnicity are the groups within the race iii takes into consideration culture 2 Describe potential issues with using ethnic categories as a label a Categorical vs Continuous i Ethnic categories are not good measures for experiments because they may change with time context situations and self ascribed vs researcher ascribed labeling ii Necessary to examine behavior by taking into consideration cultural factors that may be racially or ethnically charged iii In psychological research ethnicity is typically treated as 1 Independent variable that influences outcomes 2 Nuisance variable to control iv Sociologist do a little better considering labels imprecise arbitrary and variable by time context individuals Helms et al 1 Explain why we should avoid racial categories as an independent variable a Why should they be replaced i Race should be replaced as an IV because there are different meanings and terms for different races behavior and psychological phenomenon ii Race may not be a determinant factor in a specific variable Such as performance on a test being Asian won t cause you to do better on an exam iii You cannot change who you are iv Race is socially constructed v Race cannot be manipulated That is like saying today you are going to be black vi Race alone does not fall under one particular theory vii Conceptually meaningless race could be eggs viii Can only offer possible correlations not causation b How can they be replaced 4 strategies i Substitute concepts that specify values customs traditions i e ethnic ID or conditions stereotype threat ii Avoid using racial categories w out a clear conceptual reason for doing so iii Replace racial categories as independent variables w IVs derived from Racial Categorization Theories RC Constructs iv Use Statistics to identify most useful construct race or RC Construct 2 How do conceptualized theoretical based independent variables different from racial categories a Have a theory framework in mind before you start any experiment b Have your DV in mind already c Pick an RC construct that falls under your framework i e amount of racial slurs or slurs names one has experienced would fall under a social frameworks can influence your self esteem DV d no for this LO Race is conceptually meaningless e Results rely on conceptualization rather than the strength of the theory and or hypothesis i Use a variety of sources to display progression whether it is positive or negative Chapter 1 1 Explain the difference between African and Western Psychology a African Afrocentric Africentric psychology s approach to understanding was through self realization Kemit i Considers self knowledge ii Uses observable behaviors to explain and understand iii African Philosophy domains iv Proactive in looking for what remnants of this still exists b African American Black Psychology i Considers self knowledge ii Uses observable behaviors to explain and understand iii Takes a reactive approach to being black in America iv Takes American culture into mind v Reacts to Western psychology by attempting to dispel myths c Western emphasis on observable behaviors i Use observable behaviors to predict and control ii Often more individualist look at slides iii Often deviates away from the African Philosophy domains Psychologists a Francis C Sumner i 1st AA to receive a PhD in psychology in the US 1920 ii Father of Black Psychology iii more on page 17 i Brown vs Board of Education 1954 ii 1st and only AA president of the APA Kenneth iii Known for their racial preferences among black children b Mamie and Kenneth Clark 1 Good Doll Bad Doll study 2 Explain the major contributions of the early influential African American a Concluded that black children preferred white dolls over black dolls c William Cross i Developmental theory of racial identity 1978 1991 ii Nigresence model 1 How African Americans progressed through various states of understanding themselves and relating to aspects of race 2 The process was described in a series of stages to get towards a mature racial 3 Each stage was characterized by certain affective e cognitive and behavioral identity reactions d Janet Helms i Racial Attitudes and Identity Scale RAIS ii Founded the Institute for the study and Promotion of Race and Culture iii Race vs RC constructs and social factors iv Vast contributions to multi cultural counseling Chapter 2 Eurocentric worldview a Spirituality b Collectivism c Time Orientation 1 Highlight the main points of African Philosophy and know how it differs from a i A give homage to higher being and let it help drive actions in everyday life hard to distinguish faith from actions ii I separation of church and state not connected to daily life i A time is placed on past present and future equally little no planning the party will be around 7 ii I most emphasis on future give definite times d Orality e Sensitivity to Affect and Emotional Cues f Verve Rhythm g Balance and Harmony with nature Ma at h Sankofa Chapter 3 1 Explain the progression through the Nigresence model of racial identity articulated by William Cross and Janet Helms a Stage 1 Pre Encounter i During this stage people may feel ashamed and embarrassed about being African American and or may hold the values of white culture 1 Looking for acceptance among whites 2 Are more likely to engage in activities with whites or culturally assume to be white ii These individuals probably feel that blacks are responsible for their own fate b Stage 2 Dissonance Encounter i Pulling the rug from under one s feet 1 For instance one might have purchased a car for a higher price because of his race ii Experienced when an individual is transitioning from one environment to another 1 Like me I went from being part of the 90 plus percent Haitian American in my high school to becoming the only black student in my speech class last semester iii Motivated to learn about AAs actively seek out information c Stage 3 Immersion to Emersion i Characterized by a new way of thinking ii A new identity that incorporates being black iii May have overvalued beliefs on the goods about being black 1 Experiencing elation and lots of energy Immersion the first part 2 Pro black iv Second part of the stage is also known as emersion 1 Some leveling off energy and elation 2 Pro black mindset
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