12 04 2015 DEP3103 Fall 2014 Study Guide Exam 3 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Chapter 9 Just the lecture slides Chapter 10 Emotional Development Any lecture material we covered Know the Functions of Emotions section particularly the functionalist approach to emotion and the different domains emotions are involved in e g cognitive processing social behavior Functionalist approach to emotions emphasize the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals o Emotions arise from ongoing exchanges between the person and the environment ex stress of a test and walking into the testing environment can create a strong emotion o In this view emotions are central in all our endeavors personal goals cognitive processing social behavior physical health Emotions and Cognitive Processing Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival No Don t touch the fire or electrical outlet or stove etc OR get too close to the edge where can hurt self Don t have to experience to avoid danger The emotion cognition relationship is evident in the impact of anxiety on performance test talent show show and tell emotions also powerfully affect memory fear of doctor after shot Emotions and Social Behavior Children s emotional signals powerfully affect the behavior of others whose emotional reactions in turn regulate children s social behavior With age infants begin to initiate as well as respond to emotional expressions by the end of the first year babies become increasingly skilled at joint attention following the caregiver s line of regard Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of Emotional Expression section Babies earliest emotional life consists mainly of two global arousal states attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation By the middle of the first year emotional expressions are well organized and specific and they tell us a great deal about the infant s internal state Basic emotions emotions such as happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness and disgust that are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival o A characteristic of basic emotions is that they can be directly inferred from o Emerge early in life no introspection or self reflection is required Social smile the smile evoked by the stimulus of the human face first appears facial expressions between 6 and 10 weeks o Seven week old LaDonna breaks into a broad grin at the sight of her father s face LaDonna is displaying a social smile o Laugh 3 4 months reflecting faster processing of information and occurring at first in response to very active stimuli Stranger anxiety expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults which appears in many babies in the second half of the first year o A toddler s level of stranger anxiety is most likely affected by past experiences with strangers o Stranger anxiety is not universal it depends on temperament past experiences with strangers and the current situation o In cultures that practice a collective caregiving system for example the Efe hunters and gatherers of Congo West Africa infants show little stranger anxiety o The rise in fear after age 6 months keeps newly mobile babies enthusiasm for exploration in check Secure base the baby s use of the familiar caregiver as the point from which to explore venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support Self conscious emotion emotions such as shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride that involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self o Self conscious emotions are a second higher order set of feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self o These emotions appear at the end of the second year as toddlers become firmly aware of the self as a separate unique individual o As their self concepts develop children become increasingly sensitive to praise and blame or to the possibility of such feedback from parents and other important adults in their lives o Unlike basic emotions which emerge early in life when no introspection or self reflection is required self conscious emotions emerge later in development o Three year old Kaylee wet her bed one night In the morning her mother says Wetting the bed is bad I thought you were a good girl Kaylee s self evaluation is most strongly influenced by her mother s feedback Emotional self regulation strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals o Emotional self regulation requires voluntary effortful management of emotions o It requires such cognitive capacities as attention focusing and shifting the ability to inhibit thoughts and behavior and planning actively taking steps to relieve a stressful situation o Emotional self regulation requires voluntary effortful management of emotions or effortful control which improves gradually as a result of brain development and the assistance of caregivers who help children manage intense emotion and teach them strategies for doing so o When emotional self regulation has developed well young people acquire a sense of emotional self efficacy optimistic outlook favorable self image Problem centered coping a general strategy for managing emotion in which the individual appraises the situation as changeable identifies the difficulty and decides what to do about it Emotion centered coping a general strategy for managing emotion that is internal private and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done to change an outcome Emotional display rules a society s rules specifying when where and how it is appropriate to express emotions Same for Understanding and Responding to Emotions of Others Around 3 to 4 months infants become sensitive to the structure and timing of face to face interactions and expect their social partner to respond in kind to their gaze smile or vocalization From 5 months on infants perceive facial expressions as organized patterns and can match the emotion in a voice with the appropriate face of a speaking person understandings that permit infants to actively seek emotional information from trusted
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