Chapter 1 History Theory and Applied Directions Know the distinctions between the three grand theories of development o Cognitive Theory focuses on changes in how people think over time ideas beliefs assumptions o Psychoanalytic theory a grand theory of human development that holds that irrational unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood underlies human behavior emotions love hate fear etc o Behaviorism studies observable behavior actions what the person does What psychologists were famous for founding and or revolutionizing their respective fields within these types of psychology o Cognitive Jean Piaget o Psychoanalytic Freud and Erikson o Behaviorism John Watson their stages of development compare How were Freud and Erickson similar and dissimilar as psychoanalytic psychologists Specifically how did o Freud focused on sexual urges whereas Erickson focuses on family and culture o Id impulsive the largest portion of the mind is the source of basic biological needs and desires o Ego the conscious rational part of the personality emerges in early infancy to redirect the id s impulses so they are discharged in acceptable ways o Superego conscience develops through interactions with parents Freud s stages of development Birth to 1 year the mouth the oral stage Adolescence and beyond genital stage 1 3 years the anus the anal stage 3 6 years the penis the phallic stage 6 11 years quiet time latency stage o Psychoanalytical perspective children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations How these conflicts are resolved determines the person s ability to learn to get along with others and to cope with anxiety o Psychosexual theory emphasizes how parents manage their child s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial healthy personality development Erickson s Psychosocial stages Erickson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society Psychosocial theory Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society Basic trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair What are the distinctions between classical and operant conditioning o Operant conditioning reinforcing or punishing VOLUNTARY behaviors Involves applying reinforcement or punishment AFTER a behavior Reinforcement a technique for conditioning behavior where behavior is followed by something desired NOT desired Punishment a technique for condition behavior where behavior is followed by something o Classical Conditioning a form of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response o Involves placing a neutral signal BEFORE a reflex Positive reinforcement giving a treat for going potty Negative reinforcement removes stimulus if you get good grades then you wont need to get a summer job Positive punishment spanking a child adding an undesired response to an action as reprimand timeout Negative punishment taking away drivers license What did Harry Harlow find was important in relation to what baby rhesus monkeys need when given the opportunity to spend time with a cloth surrogate mother or a wire surrogate mother that does or does not provide them with food o Harlow s research suggested the importance of mother child bonding Not only does the child look to his her mother for basic needs such as food safety and warmth but he also needs to feel love acceptance and affection from the caregiver His findings show some long term psychological physical effects of delinquent or inadequate attentiveness to child needs How does modeling work according to social learning theory o A person observes the actions of others and then copies them What can we learn about social learning from Albert Bandura s study with the Bobo doll toy o Children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning Recognize children s behaviors as they relate to Piaget s stages of cognitive development and the terms associated with each stage o Sensorimotor 0 2 the child begins to interact with the environment finding hidden toys putting objects into and taking them out of containers o Preoperational 2 7 use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries Development of language and make believe play takes place Thinking lacks the logic of the two remaining stages o Concrete Operational 7 11 the child learns rules such as observation reasoning becomes logical and better organized appearance of play dough changes but amount stays the same organizing using hierarchies and subclasses o Formal Operational 11 years on capacity for abstract systematic thinking enables adolescents when faced with a problem to form a hypothesis deduce testable inferences and isolate and combine variables to see which inferences are confirmed They can also evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real world circumstances What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation o Assimilation using current schemes to interpret the external world o Accommodation we create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely What emergent theories are becoming more influential today in developmental psychology o Information Processing Theory example of continuous developmental theory o Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Ethology Evolutionary Dev Psych Sociocultural Development Ecological Systems Theory Bronfenbrenner What is an eclectic perspective Chapter 2 Research Strategies o Combines the aspects of two or more different approaches to meet the needs of a client o Theory an orderly integrated set of statements that describes explains and predicts behavior o Hypothesis a prediction drawn from a theory o Research Question questions that lead to an appropriate research design what functions does the internet communication serve in the lives of teenagers Know the different types of common research
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