Ch 3 Prenatal Development and Birth 10 12 2011 Stages of development Early Embryo Ovum unfertilized egg is released every 28 days on average Men produce 300 million sperm a day o Can live inside a women s body for up to 6 days o A women is most likely to get pregnant on the day of ovulation half way through your cycle day 14 or 2 days right before o If the egg and sperm do not get fertilized then menstruation will occur 14 days later Prenatal Development Germinal Period o First two weeks after the moment of conception egg and o Implantation zygote attaches to uterine wall 10 14 days after End of germinal period automatically goes onto next sperm unite conception stage o Embryonic Period 2 8 weeks after conception Foundation for organs laid basis of growth Period when most deformities damage miscarriages can happen Life support systems develop Amnion sack with clear fluid where the embryo floats Functions Provides cushion shelter temperature protecting baby from disease Umbilical Cord made of 2 arteries and one vein connects baby to placenta Functions Remove wastes and takes in nutrients including oxygen Placenta disk shaped group of tissues where small blood vessels from mom and baby intertwine Functions oxygen food to baby waste away from baby working with the placenta o Fetal Period 2 9 months after conception Differentiation of organs Rapid cell growth growth in size and weight will increase exponentially Teratogens anything that causes birth defect o Four factors influence effects of teratogens that can modify or strengthen the effect Dose how much of that teratogen is experienced Example Stress Heredity your genotype could be very protective weaker to you Other negative influences general environmental things Poor nutrition lack of medical care Age of organism most important thing Depending on what period you are in you re going to have smaller larger impact Germinal period rarely an impact because of implantation Embryonic most serious defects When most important things are developing Fetal Period damage mostly minor in comparison to embryonic period most affected Deformities with brain eyes genitals are Alcohol has greatest impact in this period Types of Teratogens Prescription drugs o Thalidomide sedative given in 1960s Prescribed this because they were pregnant Used for anti anxiety nausea used to relieve symptoms of morning sickness Mothers 4 6wks after conception had children with gross large deformities eyes nose ear missing limbs o Diethlstibestrol DES 1945 1970 Drug used to prevent miscarriages Daughters of women who took drug of higher rates of cancer of vagina uterus malformations and infertility Sons also have seminal fluid abnormalities o Accutane Drug for acne More than 150 documented cases each year with women who took the drug while pregnant and their children had birth defects Caused horrible birth defects Nonprescription Drugs o Aspirin linked to low birth weight related to respiratory o Caffeine heavy usage linked to miscarriage baby goes through withdrawal irritable and vomiting Moderate lower intake Psychoactive Drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness modify perceptions and change moods issues o Alcohol Estimated 80 of women drink alcohol and 30 smoke in U S while pregnant Hazards to Prenatal Development Maternal diet and nutrition Alcohol appears to have greatest effect in last trimester Even moderate consumption during pregnancy result in fetal alcohol syndrome FAS Deformities mental defections increase risk for other disorders o Nicotine Nicotine results in preterm births low birth weight fetal neonatal deaths respiratory problems and sudden infant death syndrome SIDs any unexplained death Possibly poor language and cognitive skills ADHD delay in intellectual and behavior development o Poor individuals might have a harder time meeting requirements o Lack of education o Lack of resources o Too young your body would be competing for nutrients o Not caring Advised to gain 25 35 lbs Diets that are missing important vitamins minerals or proteins typically result in stillborn miscarriage and infant mortality Don t have to have disordered eating might just have body image issues to not want to gain weight for your baby o Raising blood pressure stress hormones o Intense anxiety results in low birth weight miscarriage and infant respiratory illness o Studies found that women who are anxious and under emotional stress have infants who are more active in the womb and tend to be irritable cry more an have feeding and sleeping problems Emotional states and stress Maternal Age o Older women older eggs problems during cell division o Younger women might have a body that is ready developed enough to carry a child Paternal Factors father o Age the older they are sperm are more likely to have issues o Occupation an absent partner might cause stress exposed to poisons radiation mechanic etc o Abuse o Drugs Environmental Hazards o Radiation Hiroshima Nagasaki Chernobyl o Individuals who were pregnant during these events have the greatest deformities o Pollution mercury lead pesticides some household cleaners Birth Chapter 3 Stages of Birth First Stage 10 12 2011 o Uterine contractions 15 20 minutes apart last up to one o Toward the end of stage contractions are every 2 5 minutes Contraction the cervix is dilated getting larger for the minute baby o Longest stage of labor avg 12 14hrs for the first birth 4 6hrs on avg for later birth Second Stage o Delivery of the baby o 50 minutes for first birth o 20 minutes for later births Third Stage o Delivery of placenta or afterbirth 5 10 minutes VIDEO Active labor 4 cm contractions become closer together o 10 Cm dilated second stage ready o For the baby to fit through the cervix birth canal the 3 bones of the babies head might have to overlap to fit through o Progesterone production slows down before stage one o Oxytocin increases helps with start contractions Pitosin man made oxytocin o Mucus plug keeps cervix sealed and comes out days before during birth o Water breaks amniotic sack breaks o 8cm Transition is most painful part o Crowning widest part of head is visible Hospitals Home or Birthing Centers Doctors Midwives Historically prior to industrialization in the US births took place in the home with the midwives Industrialization caused problems The death rate for moms and babies increased dramatically o Death rate went up at home which is why it moved to the hospital o When you went off to work
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