FINAL EXAM REVIEW UNITS 1 3 1 What are the three historical philosophical views of childhood Tabula Rasa proposed by John Locke idea that children begin as blank tablets were inherently evil from birth Innate Goodness children are inherently good Original Sin popular thought during Middle Ages belief that children proposed by Jean Jacques Rousseau belief that 2 What is the Nature Vs Nurture issue The debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture Nature Nurture an organism s biological inheritance one s environmental experience 3 What is the discontinuity or stage concept What is the continuity concept Discontinuity the belief that development is comprised of a series of distinct stages the view held by nature developmentalists continuous process the view held by nurture developmentalists the idea that development is a gradually occurring Continuity 4 Genotypes vs Phenotypes Genotype Phenotype and measurable characteristics e g eye color a person s genetic heritage actual genetic material the way an individual s genotype is expressed in observable 5 What is the Zone of Proximal development What is Scaffolding Zone of Proximal Development Vygotsky s term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with the guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled peers guidance to fit the child s current performance occurs when a more skilled individual adjusts the amount of Scaffolding 6 Describe the Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget s theory of Development Lasts from birth to about 2 years of age Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical motoric actions Divided into 6 substages i ii Simple Reflexes sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions infant coordinates sensation and 2 types of schemes o Habits scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separated from its eliciting stimulus o Primary Circular Reactions scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance Secondary Circular Reactions infant becomes more object oriented moving beyond preoccupation with self also imitates some simple actions schemes are NOT intentional or goal directed Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions infant must coordinate vision and touch actions become more outwardly directed schemes become intentional Tertiary Circular Reactions Novelty and Curiosity infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects continually doing new things to them and exploring the results marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty Internalization of Schemes infant develops ability to use primitive symbols symbols allow the infant to manipulate and transform the represented events in simple ways e g understanding the scheme of close to close a door to close a book or to close hands together iii iv v vi 7 Aspects of Cognitive Development Theory of Mind Object Permanence around age 4 children begin to develop an understanding of their own and others thoughts including an awareness that people can hold false beliefs exist even when they cannot be seen heard or touched most children develop this by the end of the sensorimotor period distinguish between one s own perspective and someone else s perspective occurs during the preoperational stage the inability to the understanding that objects and events continue to Egocentrism 8 Know the various aspects of attention infantile attention Habituation Dishabituation recovery of a habituated response after a change in decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure stimulation Joint Attention two or more individuals focus on the same object requires 1 an ability to track another s behavior such as following someone s gaze 2 one person directing another s attention and 3 reciprocal interaction increases infants ability to learn from other people 9 What is an Intelligence Quotient IQ What is a Development Quotient DQ Intelligence Quotient age MA CA 100 one s mental age compared against chronological Development Quotient an overall developmental score that combines subscores on motor language adaptive and personal social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants 10 What are the various ranges of intelligence i e mental retardation average and giftedness Normal Intelligence 71 129 Giftedness 130 and above Mild Retardation 55 70 Moderate Retardation 40 54 Severe Retardation 25 39 Profound Retardation Below 25 11 Be able to recognize the aspects of grammar the smallest sound units that make up a word e g CAT has 4 the most basic unit of meaning e g BORING has 2 Phonemes phonemes Morpheme morphemes meaning of words and sentences appropriate use of language in various contexts e g shouting at a football game whispering in a library use of sexual innuendo in a comedic standup act ways words are combined to form acceptable sentences Syntax Semantics Pragmatics 12 What is Chomsky s Language Acquisition Device Language Acquisition Device child to detect certain features and rules of language including phonology syntax and semantics a biological endowment that enables the 13 Know each of the different memory tools Rehearsal Elaboration involves creating a mental picture of the information works Imagery better for older than younger children practicing the information information e g self reference adolescents more likely to use than children in a particular way more likely to be used by older children and adults involves engaging in more extensive processing of e g one s memory for the months of the year is organized Organization 14 Know Baumrind s 4 parenting styles and the effects that each style has on children Authoritarian o A restrictive punitive style in which parents force the child to follow the parents directions and to respect their work and effort Authoritative Indulgent Neglectful o Firm limits and controls placed on the child with little verbal exchange allowed o Associated with children s socially incompetent behavior and aggressive behavior o Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions o Extensive verbal give and take is allowed o Parents are warm and nurturing toward the child o Associated with children s socially competent behavior o Parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them o Associated
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