EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE 6 Questions on Cognition 4 Questions on Intelligence 3 Questions on Language Chapter 11 Self Concept Questions 13 21 1 Know the various concepts related to Self recognition self understanding and self esteem discussed in the chapter and in the lecture Self Recognition Self Understanding being attentive and positive towards one s image in a mirror 3 months of age a central more complete index of self recognition being able to recognize one s physical features 2 years of age content of a child s self conception the self a person s self worth or self image a person s global evaluation of a child s cognitive representation of the self the substance domain specific evaluations of the self Self Concept Self Esteem 2 Know how self recognition is assessed in infants and toddlers The mirror technique is used to assess self recognition in infants and toddlers The mirror technique involves applying a dot of rouge to the infant s face placing the infant in front of a mirror and observing whether or how often the infant touches the dot on his or her face Increased touching indicates self recognition 3 What is the difference between self esteem and self concept Self Esteem is a global assessment of the self it is one s perception of his or her Self Concept refers to domain specific evaluations of the self e g as an athlete overall self worth whereas as a parent as a friend etc 4 Know the various characteristics that people use to describe themselves varying on age i e children vs adolescents Preschool Children o describe themselves in concrete terms e g I live in a big house I have two dogs o often confuse self personality mind thoughts and body o distinguish themselves from others using physical descriptions o the active dimension is a central component of the self at this age e g I am the fastest runner I play soccer o self descriptions are typically unrealistically positive as they don t yet distinguish between their desired competence and their actual competence o Begin to use psychological traits and emotional terms to describe o These descriptions continue to be unrealistically positive e g I am Ages 4 5 themselves never sad Middle Late Childhood 1 Internal Characteristics Psychological Characteristics shift towards defining themselves in terms of internal characteristics e g friendly annoying 2 Social Descriptions begin to include social aspects as references to social groups in their self descriptions 3 Social Comparison self understanding includes increasing reference to social comparison e g I m a girl not a boy 4 Real Self and Ideal Self begin to distinguish between their real an ideal selves 5 Realistic self evaluations become more realistic e g I am generally a good person but sometimes I can be mean Adolescence deny doing so o Although adolescents increasingly compare themselves to others they o Personal Fables an adolescent believes that his or her thoughts feelings or experiences are more unique wonderful or awful than anyone else s o Imaginary Audience the other people who in an adolescent s egocentric belief are watching scrutinizing his or her appearance ideas and behavior makes many teens self conscious o Abstract idealistic thinking o Self Consciousness o Contradictions within the self o The Fluctuating Self o Real and Ideal Selves o Self Integration in late adolescence and emerging adulthood self understanding becomes more integrative with the disparate parts of the self becoming more systematically pieced together 5 What is perspective taking and why is it important Perspective Taking the ability to assume others perspective and understand their thoughts feelings It is important because it is thought to be an integral determinant of whether children develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behavior 6 Erik Erickson s view of Psychosocial moratorium Psychosocial Moratorium the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration He believes that those who cope successfully with this crisis emerge with a new sense of self that is refreshing and acceptable Those who do not successfully resolve this crisis suffer identity confusion 7 James Marcia s four status of identity a b the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis Identity Diffusion or made any commitments not only are they undecided about occupational ideological choices but they are also likely to show little interest in such matters Identity Foreclosure the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis occurs most of then when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents usually in an authoritarian way before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches ideologies and vocations on their own Identity Moratorium whose commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined Identity Achievement made a commitment the status of individuals who are in the mist of a crisis but the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and c d Chapter 12 Gender 22 29 1 Know what the following are and how they differ Gender Role a set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should act think and feel the time they are 3 years old activities clothing and hair style might change Gender Identity sense of being male or female which most children acquire by Gender Constancy understanding that sex remains the same even though Social Role Theory 2 What is Alice Eagly s Social Role Theory and how does it relate to gender roles states that gender differences result from contrasting roles of women and men social hierarchy and division of labor strongly influence gender differences in power assertiveness and nurture According to Eagly as women adapted to roles with less power and less status in society they showed more cooperativeness less assertiveness and less dominant profiles than men This reflects the application of gender roles e g Women play the part of the understanding cooperative homemaker while the man s role is to be the hardworking breadwinner 3 What is Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender Stems from Freud s view that the preschool child develops erotic feelings toward the opposite sex parent Eventually these feelings arouse anxiety so that at age 5 or 6 the child renounces these feelings and identifies with the same sex parent unconsciously adopting the same sex parent s characteristics 4 What is Social Cognitive Theory of Gender What has been
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