Test 3 Study Guide DEP 3103 04 Fall 2011 number of questions refers to the approximate number of questions on the test related to that learning objective This study guide is complete however you should still study the slides and your notes from class if you have them Good luck to you all I went and spoke to Ms Sims today to look over my study guide and she added 2 communicative gestures Protoimperative and protodeclaritive which she will discuss tomorrow in class although she has not yet added it to the study guide Protodeclarative in which a baby points to touches or holds up an object while looking at others to make sure they notice Proimperative in the second protoimperative the baby gets another person to do something by reaching pointing and often making sounds at the same time o Although infants cannot talk they do the same thing we do with words with their gestures Chapter 9 9 1 Describe the four components of language p 358 Be able to define and recognize examples of phonology semantics grammar and pragmatics 2 questions 1 Phonology the 1st component refers to the rules governing the structure and sequence of speech sounds o If you have ever visited a foreign country where you did not know the language you probably wondered how anyone could analyze the rapid flow of speech into organized strings of words Yet in English you are able to how we acquire this ability is the story of phonological development 2 Semantics the 2nd component involves vocabulary the way underlying concepts are expressed in words and word combinations a When young children first use a word it often does not mean the same thing as it does to adults To build a versatile vocabulary preschoolers must refine the meanings of thousands of words and connect them into elaborate networks of related terms 3 Grammar the 3rd component of language consists of two main parts syntax and morphology Syntax the rules by which words are arranged into sentences a b Morphology the use of grammatical markers indicating number tense case person gender active or passive voice and other meanings the endings s and ed are examples in English 4 Pragmatics refers to the rules for engaging in appropriate and effective communication a To convers successfully children must take turns stay on the same topic and state their meaning clearly They also must figure out how gestures tone of voice and context clarify meaning there are 4 components of language that are all INTERDEPENDENT Acquisition of each facilitates mastery of the others 9 2 Summarize the behaviorist nativist and interactionist perspectives of language development noting the extent to which each emphasizes biological and environmental influences pp 358 367 Be able to define each theory and recognize how each would explain the development of language Know what the LAD is 2 questions 1 Behaviorist Perspective Skinner proposed that language like any other behavior is acquired through operant conditioning As the baby makes sounds parents reinforce those that most resemble words by responding with smiles hugs and speech Ex at 12 months a child babbled something like book a book a dook so you the parent held up a book and said book Soon his son was saying book aaa in the presence of books Other behaviorists believe that children rely on imitation to acquire complex utterances such as whole phrases and sentences Imitation can combine with reinforcement to promote language as when a parent coaxes say I want a cookie and delivers praise and a treat after the toddler responds want cookie Although both reinforcement and imitation contribute to early language development few researches advocate the behaviorist perspective today It would be hard for adults to engage in intensive tutoring continuously modeling and reinforcing The kind of language development in young children who rather than acquiring specific sentences develop working knowledge of language rules However adults DO influence children s language by interacting with them in particular ways 2 Nativist perspective Chomsky regards language as a uniquely human accomplishment etched into the structure of the brain Chomsky assumed that children took must responsibility for their own language learning Focusing on grammar Chomsky reasoned that the rules for sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to or discovered by even a cognitively sophisticated young child Children and adults alike readily produce and understand an unlimited range of sentences often ones they have never said or heard before Chomsky proposed that all children have an innate LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE LAD a system that permits them once they have acquired sufficient vocabulary to combine words into grammatically consistent novel utterances and to understand the meaning of sentences they hear o Within LAD is a universal grammar a built in storehouse of rules that apply to all human languages Because the LAD is specifically suited for language processing children master the structure of language spontaneously with only limited language exposure the sharp contrast to the behaviorist view the nativist perspective believes that parents training their children in language development is unnecessary Instead the nativist perspective believes that the LAD ensures that language despite its complexity will be acquired early and swiftly 3 Interactionist perspective places an emphasis on interactions between inner predispositions and environmental influences o one type of interactionist theory applies the information processing perspective to language development o a second type emphasizes social interaction Information processing theories the most influential information processing accounts are derived from research with connectionist or artificial neural network Researchers program computers to simulate the multilayered networks of neural connections in the brain and then expose them to various types of language input o Connectionists assume that children make sense of their complex language environments by applying powerful analytic cognitive capacities of a general kind rather than capacities especially tunes to language o Information processing theorists have tested their ideas mostly with simplified language stimuli presented to artificial neural networks and to children in laboratories In many instances they cannot be certain that the learning strategies identified generalize to children s language acquisition in everyday social contexts Other
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