Objective sheet for Exam 3 The final exam will be given on Wednesday April 25 at 7 30 9 30 AM Remember that no make up exams are given without a documented University approved excuse A zero will be given for a missed exam For final exams the rules for even documented approved excuses are different as grades are due fairly quickly after our exam I will maintain a strict rule that an approved make up exam will have to be completed within 48 hours of the regularly scheduled exam Structure 50 multiple choice questions drawn from all readings and lecture Content Chapter 10 Emotional Development 1 Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of Emotional Expressions section Emotion For many years emotion was neglected in the study of child development overshadowed by cognition rapid appraisal of the personal significance of situations how you re feeling o Happiness can lead you to approach sadness to passively withdrawal fear to actively move away o Functionalist approach emphasizes that the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals this is the approach to which we study emotions today We have emotion to readily energize our behavior emotions are supposed to guide how Functions of Emotions central in all our endeavors we re supposed to act in a given situation o Emotion Cognition Emotions lead to learning essential for survival Can impair learning anxiety can affect performance etc o Emotion Social Behavior Emotions can affect the behavior of others emotions such as crying smiling and attentive interest can impact others behaviors Similarly emotional reactions of others regulate children s social behavior o Emotion Health Emotions influence well being growth Stress is related to diseases Development of Emotional Expression o First appearance of Basic Emotions Earliest emotional life consists mainly of attraction to pleasant stimulation withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation middle of first year these emotions become more organized Basic emotions happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust are universal in humans and other primates and promote survival and can be directly inferred from facial expressions theory behind basic emotions driven by nature Happiness first expressed thru smile birth social smile 6 10 wks parent s communication evokes a broad grin smiling for a reason Laughing occurs 3 4 months reflects faster processing of information than does smiling o Happiness o Anger Sadness o Fear Expressions of sadness are less common than anger First fears appear 6 12 months Stranger anxiety appears 8 12 months fear or wariness to unfamiliar adults Is not universal depends on temperament some babies are generally more fearful past experiences with strangers and the current situation o Self Conscious Emotions involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self A second higher order set of feelings than basic shame embarrassment guilt envy pride Emerge at the end of the 2 nd year Self conscious emotions require adult instruction in when to feel them highly related to adult feedback shame guilt embarrassment envy and pride are learned emotions o Emotional Self Regulation refers to the strategies we use to adjust the intensity or duration of our emotional reactions to a comfortable level so we can accomplish our goals Requires voluntary effortful management of emotions effortful control Improves gradually as a result of brain development assistance of caregivers caregivers can help children manage intense emotion and teach them strategies for doing so well developed emotional self regulation in young people Emotional self efficacy The feeling of being in control of their emotional experience They hold a favorable self image optimistic outlook Problem centered coping appraising the situation as changeable identifying the difficulty Emotion centered coping internal private and aimed at controlling distress when little can o 2 Strategies for Managing Emotions and deciding what to do about it be done about an outcome o Acquiring Emotional Display Rules Emotional display rules specify when where and how it is appropriate to express emotions At first children will display their true feelings but they soon learn to dampen their expressions substitute other reactions like smiling when feeling anxious 2 Same for Understanding and Responding to Emotions of Others Beings early by 3 4 months children have expectations for caregiver responses for emotional exchanges When an emotional expectation is violated children experience emotional backlash often withdrawal relying on another person s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation Social Referencing o Caregivers expression happy angry or fearful influences caregivers voice especially either alone or combined with facial expression is more effective than facial expression alone o Caregivers can use social referencing to teach children how to react Empathy Sympathy o Empathy involves a complex interaction of cognition affect the ability to detect different emotions to take another s emotional perspective and to feel with that person or respond emotionally in a similar way o Prosocial altruistic behavior actions that benefit another person without any expected reward o Sympathy feelings of concern or sorrow for another person s plight 3 You don t need to memorize the specifics of the Milestones of Emotional Development p 416 but again know the general developmental patterns 4 Know the section on Temperament you don t need to worry about memorizing the dimensions of temperament in Table 10 1 but you will need to know the categories that Thomas and Chess describe Temperament early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity self regulation o Reactivity refers to variations in quickness and intensity of emotional arousal attention and motor for the self action o Self regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity o Temperament is seen as the cornerstone of personality is a precursor to personality Structure of Temperament o Thomas Chess study first influential model o Found that temperament impacts psychological adjustment it either increases chances of psychological problems OR protects from the negative effects of stress o Parenting practices temperament strongly related to this parenting practices can modify infants temperaments o 3 types of children routines Easy 40 generally cheerful adapts easily to new
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