Ch 9 Language 2 28 System of Communication Rule Systems Phonology language s sound system includes sounds used and rules about how they are combined Phonemes Smallest units of sound that affect meaning Ex how many phonemes in the word cat 1 Ex bnik 0 Why it s not a word Morphology language s meaning system governs how words are formed Morphemes Smallest units of meaning It is a word or part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts prefixes suffixes and root words Exs adding ing s ab normal pre er ly ed Ex how many morphemes in farmer 2 root farm er Exs dancer baker laughs Syntax interchangeably with the term grammar Rules by which words are arranged in sentences adjectives go before nouns Ex The pretty girl walked to class syntax correct The girl pretty walked to class syntax incorrect Semantics Pragmatics Rules for how words can be organized with respect to meaning Ex The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar whats wrong bicycles don t talk to you Rules for appropriate use of language in different contexts Ex cursing volume polite language in appropriate situations infinite generativity the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules People should use punctuation and proper grammar in school and business emails This is an example of which rule system Pragmatics business email vs friendly email Infancy Early vocalizations are to practice making sounds to communicate and to attract attention Cooing 1 2 mos Vowel like noises pleasant oo sound Used to express pleasure during caregiver interaction Babbling 4 mos Long strings of consonant vowel combinations Deaf babies can babble to develop past this stage you must hear human They babble with their hands and fingers at about the same age that hearing children babble vocally Normal hearing babies will continue to babble even after they say their Bbababbababa speech first words Gestures 6 12 mos Iverson and Goldin Meadow 2005 10 children 10 24 mos Observed 8 times play and meal time Attempt to direct the adult s attention No ritual acts blowing kisses or patty cake Results Pointing is an important index of the social aspects of language and follows this developmental sequence From pointing without checking on adult gaze to pointing while looking back and forth between an object and the adult Lack of pointing is a significant indicator of problems in the infant s communication system Deictic gestures Holding up an object so adult can see index pointing palm pointing showing Conventional gestures Nodding head yes or no Ritualized gestures Child extends his or her arm toward something repeated opening and closing of palm means give me something Parents of high SES were more likely to use gestures with their infants Recognizing Language Sounds Kuhl s research demonstrated that from birth to 6 months infants recognize when sounds change most of the time not matter what language Baby Sign Language Why do it Find out what is going on in baby s mind Fine motor skills develop faster than those in required for speech When can you start teaching them sign language No earlier than 6 mos Benefits Can reduce frustration in both children and parents makes communication easier Increase self confidence in child Enrich parent child bond Reach language milestones earlier First Words between 10 15 mos Infants indicate their first understanding of words between 8 to 12 months Infants understand words before they can produce or speak them Important objects to child Parents pets toys body parts Easiest sound sequences Mama Dada bye bye nigh night Practice pronouncing sounds in words about 18 months Juice du ju dus jus sus jusi Timemba remember Pagetti spagetti receptive vocabulary words the child understands considerably exceeds spoken vocabulary words the child uses Vocabulary 18 mos 50 words 2 years old 200 words 6 years old 10 000 words Overextension Apply words too broadly Ex Car for buses trains trucks doggy for all four legged animals Ex Thinking skunks are cats Ex May say Dada for other men strangers or boys Underextension Apply words too narrowly Ex Dad s yellow Chevy Malibu is only thing called car Goes to zee and won t call bear a bear b c only his special teddy is bear Telegraphic speech 18 24 mos Focus on high content words and leave out smaller less important ones Mommy show now Go car More cookie where ball 3 years 4 5 years 3 4 5 word combinations Understand and use morphemes tendency to overuse or use incorrectly goed instead of went foots instead of feet Change speech style to suit situation Child directed speech Short simple sentences higher pitch repeat important phrases talk more slowly 6 10 years appreciate multiple meanings of words metaphors jokes Ex to write with a broken pencil is pointless Two Word Utterances To convey meaning with just 2 words the child relies heavily on gesture tone and context Slobin Identification See doggie Location Book there Repetition More candy Possession My candy Attribution Big car Agent action Mama walk Question Where ball fast mapping a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly metalinguistic awareness knowledge about language allows children to think about their language understand what words are and even define them phonics approach emphasizes that reading instruction should focus on phonics and its basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds whole language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel children s natural language learning reading materials should be whole and meaningful metaphor an implied comparison between two unlike things satire the use of irony derision or wit to expose folly or wickedness dialect a variety of language that is distinguished by its vocabulary grammar or pronunciation Broca s area brain s left frontal lobe that is involved in speech production and grammatical processing Wernicke s area brain s left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension aphasia disorder resulting from brain damage to Croca s area or Wernicke s area that involves a loss or impairment of the ability to use or comprehend words language acquisition device Chomsky s term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language including phonology syntax and semantics child directed speech language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and
View Full Document
Unlocking...