Child Psych Test 1 27 01 2012 01 30 00 Lecture 1 Intro History and Science of Child Psych Note make things about your own experiences to understand concepts and you will do well on the tests impact of childhood on adulthood help parents teach others who are involved w children understand ourselves Why study Child Psych Perspectives of children over time Midevil times children seen as separate from adults distinct 16th cent o ORIGINAL SIN VIEW all views are like fads some ppl still believe them after they are out of style Children born evil stubborn Puritan view Parents remove sin with parenting Harsh restrictive Kids are mini adults o TABULA RASA VIEW every child is born blank slate Up to parents to make them contributing members of society Nurturing parents are important End 17th Cent 18th Cent o INNATE GOODNESS VIEW ppl born knowing right from wrong Inherently good parents monitoring not as important Adult training is harmful o children seen as distinct from adults Blend of different views Today Terms to Know Development o pattern of change from conception to death Biological Processes o changes in the body Cognitive Processes o Changes in thought intelligence language Socio Emotional Processes o changes in relationships emotions and personality Infancy birth to 18 24 months Prenatal Period conception to birth Early childhood 2 5 6 years old preschool years Middle Childhood 6 11 years school age Adolescence 10 12 18 22 years Reflection question these are likely to have something to do with the test How were you different when you were an adolescent Name a physical difference from childhood and a socio emotional difference emerging adulthood A western idea 18 25 ish years old An in between time 1 Nature Nurture Issue biology versus environment 3 Issues in Research Continuity Vs Discontinuity continuous development vs stages Early Vs Later experience what happens to you in early life is more important than later in life experience Theories of Development Psychoanalytic Theories o Freud o unique history of children o series of stages of conflict that need to be resolved o the resolution determines who you are as an adult o Psychosexual Theory it s the parents job to determine the child s correct amount of gratification Stages 1 Oral birth 1 yr mouth is pleasure zone too much or too little feeding can cause oral fixation breast feeding 2 Anal 1 3 yrs potty training too early or too late anal retentive VS sloppy are possible effects 3 Phallic 3 6 when super ego develops oedepis boys moms and Electra dad daughters complexes lead to castration anxiety for boys and penis envy for girls Castration anxiety makes little boys not sexually desire their moms and want to grow up to be like their fathers penis envy occurs because girls cannot feel castration anxiety Women continue to want their fathers until they magically want babies instead 4 Latency 6 puberty develop social intellectual skills bc not so focused on sex cooties stage 5 Genital puberty onward if you make it to this stage without too many fixations you will have healthy relationships in life Clicker extra credit begins next Tuesday Up till then has just been practice TAKE NOTES ON VIDEO CLIPS if she shows one in class it is a reward for coming LECTURE 2 Chapter 1 Continued to class and it WILL be on the test Theories of Development Cont d Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories o Pavlov s Classical Conditioning the dog thing with food and a bell and salivating blah blah o Behaviorism Watson believed the Pavlov thing worked for kids too could condition kids to do anything that you want them to video clip about little albert the kid who was conditioned to be afraid of furry things opposite of genetic theorists that say human beings are constrained by their genetics Watson says NO human beings are shaped by their environments Watson believes in the tabula rassa blank slate idea for kids Designs experiement for Little Albert to prove that environment is key shows white rat to kid kid not scared shows white rat to kid with loud bang of noise kid upset by noise eventually kid learns to be scared of all furry things bc of this fears are learned not innate science would be broadcast directly to the people do an experiment and then tell people how to raise their kids o Social Learning Theory Bandura deals with imitation and modeling initial idea idea that children are going to imitate anything that they see o Social Cognitive Theory Bandura willing to revise his original theory of social learning thought that there were things missing from first one 1st thing missing idea that you could model or imitate thought patterns 2nd thing you actively choose what to model imitate not just passive children are actively choosing o is classical conditioning you give the someone a reward or punishment to increase or decrease their behavior FALSE that is operant conditioning using reward and punishment classical is association o the primary difference b t social learning theory and social cognitive theory is that in the revised theory you could imitate thought patterns Clicker question Cognitive Theories Key is conscious thought US 1960s o Piaget s Cognitive Developmental Theory Assimilation take new knowledge and put it into categories or schemas that already exist ex see a cat but say doggie because 4 legged animal tail fur etc Accomodation the new information doesn t fit into the categories that already exist so you make a new category see cow and say doggy parents say no that s a cow cows moo don t sleep in houses aren t pets etc So kids now have new schema for cows you are actively involved in gathering information to put together your world clicker question Ethological Theory o Lorenz Imprinting rapid innate learning within a critical period baby birds are attached to the first moving object seen important bc it is an animal model helping us to understand a critical period of human children like language Bowlby s attachment theory o bonds that form with caregiver and caregiver to the infant o smiling babbling grasping crying are built in social signals that encourage caregiver approach Eclectic Theoretical Orientation o selects and uses what is considered the best in each theory o combining different perspectives Science and the Study of Child Development The Scientific Method science is not defined by WHAT it investigates but HOW it investiages it o identify the problem o collect data o use statistics to analyze data o write up and draw
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