Physical Development Wide age range o About 11 19 Early and late adolescence In current times adolescence is relatively new o Child labor laws o Mandatory public education o Judicial procedures o Increased need for school Around the world o In 2000 there are 2 174 billion children under 18 in the world o Poor countries Lower life expectancies less education harshly defined gender roles limited adolescence limited access to media more exposure to war less literacy o Child labor 250 million between ages of 5 14 work 246 million between ages of 15 17 work Necessity They don t work because they want to They work because their family needs that money to live Teaches them social skills keeps them out of trouble Benefits Brain development o Limbic system and prefrontal cortex are still developing Limbic system Memory Amygdala o Aggressiveness and irritability o Grows partially in response to testosterone Theory as to why men are more aggressive then females o Reinforcing effects of brain development Dopamine Released more now then in childhood or adulthood Is a reward neurotransmitter makes you feel good o Specific myelination Girls tend to show more myelination in areas of the brain that control emotion and higher cognitive function Growth spurt Weight o Girls tend to hit a growth spurt at about 10 5 years Slows down after first period menarche o Boys tend to hit a growth spurt at about 12 5 years o Girls tend to accumulate more fat It is essential for a successful pregnancy o Boys tend to develop more muscle instead of fat Pubescence and puberty o Pubescence is the process o Puberty is the milestone o Puberty is the body s way of telling you that you are ready to reproduce Response to physical and sexual maturation o Body image and appearance o Direct effects model hormones psychological adjustment and Psychological Adjustment and Behavior Individuals Reactions Psychological Adjustment And Behavior behavior Hormones Indirect Effect Model Hormones Appearance Others reactions Timing of puberty o Early and late matures Early girls At risk for eating disorders alcohol and drug use depression low school achievement Later problems persist and also have more children Social status confident drug and alcohol use Early boys Later hold more leadership roles Late girls Best situation Learning coping strategies share experiences Later on they are well adjusted Late boys Insecure but develop coping skills Later on fewer high power jobs but tend to be much happier and more successful marriages Adolescent health o Nutritional needs vary o Exercise o Organized sports o Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Eat very little believe they are overweight More common in girls then boys Treatment involved positive reinforcement for the actual eating and the fear behind it Shy fearful depressed people intrusive parents more likely to become anorexic Eating binges and purges One study found that women eat up to 7lbs of food About 5 of women Bulimia nervosa Adolescent safety o Most deaths are preventable Car accidents Homicide Suicide Substance abuse problems antisocial behavior high levels of stress neglectful parents previous suicide attempts predictors 1 15 successful Joiner why people die by suicide book o Lack of sense of belonging o Feel like a burden to everyone else o Think the world would be better without them Sexual health o Std s Lack of adolescents to use contraceptives 9 million cases each ear between people that are 15 24 years old Contraceptives Wont happen to me embarrassing cost availability inadequate knowledge afraid of parents don t want to admit to sexual activity Pregnancy o 1 million teen pregnancies per year 85 unintentional 76 outside of marriage 57 end in birth 30 end in abortion 12 15 end in miscarriage 25 50 repeat pregnancies within 2 years o Effects on mother o Effects on father Work and school Health problems Ability to cope with responsibilities Work and school Parenting Substance use and criminal activities o Effects on child Health problems Cognitive difficulties Long term effects If your mom is a teenage mother you are more likely to become a teenage mother o Sexual education programs abstinence or comprehensive Cognitive Development Piaget s fourth and final stage o Formal operational Cognitive maturity Can apply logic to hypothetical and abstract problems Hyothetico deductive reasoning Type of reasoning used in science Three phases inductive testing deductive Heuristics o Cognitive shortcuts Tversky and Kahnemann 1974 Examples Availability o We are more likely to make a judgment on what is vividly available in our mind Anchoring and adjustment o We provide an initial judgment anchor o Making a judgment based on a representative of Representatives a schema o We make quick judgments using heuristics Adolescent egocentrism o Imaginary audience o Personable fable Social cognition o Impression formation False belief that everyone is paying attention to you The belief that experiences that one has are unique to mankind nobody has ever gone through these before Much more specific than younger children Abstract Include psychological constructs example someone else s anxiety Indirect evidence Use of justification o Social perspective taking person s point of view o Domains of social knowledge Moral They can take the perspective of another person and see that Understanding of the social contract that we have with one another There are moral decisions and moral values that everyone shares Social conventional Deals with how people behave depending on their culture Example waiting in a line to buy something If someone cuts the line our social norms tell us that that person is rude In other places there are no lines so you can cut all you like Personal All that is subjective based on our own opinion School o Transitions to junior high high school Achievement goes down Motivation goes down o Difficult to remediate students who are behind The enhanced reading opportunity study Attempted to enhance reading comprehension and vocabulary of ninth grader in need of remediation 34 schools 2679 students Overall results o Reading comprehension scores increased from 89 3 90 1 o Vocabulary scores didn t change at all Importance of early schooling and intervention programs Importance of research on adolescent populations o High school dropout About 105 of adolescents ages 16 19 Reasons SES Attitude toward school Academic performance English proficiency Girls more likely for familial reasons Boys more
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