Intro to Sociology SYG1000 Exam 2 Study Guide The bold is what was listed on Dr Weinberg s original study guide What is sexual orientation Socially constructed categories heterosexual and homosexual developed at end of the 19 th century Product of society or biology Kinsey s Study Biology o size of hypothalamus shapes sexual orientation o genetics distinctive genetic pattern on the X chromosome passed through the mother Socially o People in society attach meaning to sexuality differs from society to society Know the emergence and consequences of sexual identities o No distinct definition of homosexuals until a century ago when people defined them that way o Creation of sexual orientation is a product of society the tendency to be homo or hetero sexual is a product of biology APA declaration in 1973 and impact American Psychological Association withdrew the classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder o Impact caused other organizations to do the same World Health Organizations removed it from International Classification of Kinsey s Study 1948 Diseases and Related Health Problems in 1992 Federal hate crime law was enacted in 1968 Legislation in 2009 provided protection for gay individuals Individual s sexual orientation may have both hetero and homo sexual elements Books revealed people were far less conventional then thought The Continuum sexuality is a continuum running from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual There is a range Kinsey set stage for sexual revolution Estimated 4 of males and 2 of women have exclusive same sex orientation What percent of people identified themselves as homosexual how does that number compare to 2000 census figures Factors contributing to change from sex as reproduction to sex as pleasure Moving to cities from farms allowed males and females to have more sexual freedom Sexual Revolution late 40 s to 70 s if it feels good so it Counter Revolution 80 s moral decline return to family values o Did not greatly change that people should decide for themselves who to have sexual relationships with people began limiting their choices for moral reasons or concerns about STDs Origin of sexual orientation is biology genes The origin of homophobia is a term from the gay rights movement and is used to describe discomfort over close personal interaction with homosexuals or bisexuals Rape an expression of power a violent act that uses sex to hurt humiliate or control another person Physical attack that leaves emotional and psychological scars o Person is more likely to be victim knows pretty well take place in familiar surroundings o 1 3 are strangers 2 3 know attacker o originally on the study guide Dr Weinberg wrote 90 know attacker However the textbook does say 2 3 know the attacker o Date Rape forcible sexual violence against women by men they know o 10 of all teens and 20 of high school girls have reported sexual or physical violence inflicted by the boys they were dating o 2 3 victims are under 18 1 3 under 12 o 1 3 of victims attacked under 18 are by their own fathers or stepfathers Views on sexuality operation of society o Structural functional approach explains the contribution of any social pattern to the overall o Regulating with whom and when people reproduce o Condemn married people who have extramarital sex o Reproduction outside of marriage would break down the kinship system and hopelessly confuse human relationships o Symbolic Interaction analysis highlights how people interact and construct everyday reality o Social construction of sexuality the norm Century ago women needed to be virgins to be marriage material Discourage sex between children but educate them o Social Conflict analysis highlights dimensions of inequality Reveals how sexuality both reflects patterns of social inequality and helps perpetuate them o Female prostitutes less powerful much more likely to be arrested then male clients more powerful o Domination of heterosexuals over homosexuals Queer theory the body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in US society Begins with the claim that society is characterized by heterosexism a view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as a queer o Heterosexism victimizes wide range of people gay men lesbians bisexuals transsexuals asexuals o Racism sexism is wrong according to the law but heterosexism is widely tolerated o Feminism social conflict analysis a social conflict approach focusing on gender inequality links sexuality to the domination of women by men o Why would so many women be prostitutes if they were given the same economic opportunities equal to their male clients o Sexuality is the root of inequality between men and women Deviance a recognized violation of cultural norms Ex Crime parking in an illegal space Early attempts to explain deviance Biological and Psychological o Biological early theories larger bigger people are more likely to bully b c of genetics o Psychological Deviance results form unsuccessful socialization Recent studies using genetic samples suggest that certain genetic factors along with environmental factors were strong predictors of adult crime and violence o TOGETHER environmental and biological could push one over the edge Social Control attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and actions Ex Laws rules criminal justice system Why do we know that deviance is socially constructed Deviancy varies place to place Individuals and behaviors become deviant as others define them that way What are the sociological theories of deviance 1 Deviance varies according to cultural norms a No thought is inherently deviant it becomes deviant only in relation to particular norms 2 People become deviant as others define them that way a Everyone does something deviant at one time whether such behavior defines us as mentally ill or criminal depends on how others perceive define and respond to it 3 Both norms and the way people define rule breaking involve social power a The law is the means by which powerful people protect their interests Karl Marx What are the functional aspects of deviance It is a necessary aspect of social organization Durkheim s Theory Hirschi s theory Durkheim s theory on deviance there is nothing abnormal about deviance it performs 4 essential functions 1 Deviance affirms cultural values and norms a Deviance is needed to define and support morality 2 Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries a By defining individuals as deviant a boundary
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