Child Psychology Spring 2012 Study Guide Family Family lectures and assigned readings 1 For each of the 4 parenting styles be able to thoroughly explain the following a Where does each style falls on the dimensions of emotionality control b Describe in detail each of the 4 styles c Know which 2 styles are likely to use some form of punishment d Describe the most probable child outcome from each style e Describe 2 notable exceptions to the rules described in d above Authoritative parenting uses form of punishment warm and responsive but high control the parents set reasonable limit and expect appropriately mature behavior from their children children usually come out with positive outcomes for adolescents and younger children energetic friendly children high self concept high achievement low anti social behavior high attachment high self control Authoritarian parenting uses form of punishment linked with the behavior of conflicted irritable children cold and unresponsive high control parents are rigid power asserting harsh and unresponsive affects sons more than daughters conflicted irritable children anxious low self concept lack control of life look to others for approval and what to do vulnerable to stress TWO EXCEPTIONS best for poor minorities in dangerous neighborhoods Chinese parents who are authoritarian tend to be viewed very positive and have positive children outcomes Authoritarian has different meaning in Asian culture which values family and cultural standards over independence and internal standards Permissive parenting warm and responsive but low control produces affectionate relationship between parents and children but leads to impulsive aggressive behavior impulsive aggressive children non compliant low achievement aggressive Uninvolved parenting rejecting and unresponsive low control parents are indifferent or neglect their children and were motivated to do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs in time and effort of interaction with the child found in mothers who are depressed and in people under stress neglected child children lack attachment low achievement low social skills precocious sex delinquency alcoholism 2 Discipline Punishment a What is the definition of punishment or discipline 1 negative consequence when a child misbehaves not necessarily physical or severe b List and explain 4 general recommendations for using punishment effectively rules and consequences for breaking rules should be clear 1 when possible negative consequences should be immediate and consistent 2 3 never threaten the child if they cannot follow through 4 avoid all physical punishment c Explain each of the reasons given for avoiding all physical punishment 1 current recommendation of National Academy of Pediatrics 2 child gets aroused which means they are less likely to learn their lesson 3 serves as an aggressive model 4 there is a danger of physical punishment escalating into abuse d Regarding the use of punishment during infancy first 12 18 months we discussed 4 issues that applied Explain each of these 1 Punishment is rarely appropriate before 6 months 2 When the infant is old enough to get into things use a firm NO and redirect their attention to something positive 3 Habit train to engage in good behaviors Make it easy for them to behave well and reinforce kids for their good behavior Should start young 4 At around 9 months they ll start testing their limits one should remove the infant from the situation entirely e Explain time out 1 From what are they being timed out i their previous activity before doing anything wrong i 2 Describe the rules for using time out effectively We discussed roughly 5 or 6 rules starts at around 1 5 2 years and can be used up until the child is 7 8 years old depending on the child ii punish child with boredom iii chair in hallway no stimulation parent watches them throughout timeout iv start with 1 minute per year of age 5 yrs old 5 minutes v child must sit quietly vi NO talking or explaining during their timeout vii sending the child to room generally not effective because their room is usually not boring and the child will eventually associate the bedroom with punishment 3 What is the proper timing for administering time out that is what comes first second etc i State the offense what the child did wrong ex You hit the dog go to timeout Important because it helps the child recognize what they did wrong and why they re being punished ii Have them serve their timeout iii Rationale ex It s wrong to hurt an animal Make rationale appropriate to child s age iv Be calm neither angry or affectionate 4 For what ages the youngest and oldest is time out likely to be effective i 1 5 2 years old is when it starts can be effective until 7 8 years old 5 What are some strategies you can use if the child won t serve his or her time out sentence i Increase timeout time but set their time limit Ex Young 12 minutes old 25 minutes ii Remove privilege when the child gets up iii Hold the child from behind 6 Explain why it is difficult to use time out in classrooms i there are too many children per teacher and teacher lacks control over all children ii embarrasses the child and the child ends up not learning their lesson f When children are older what is likely to be a more effective way to punish bad behavior than time out and why remove different privileges TV dessert cars 1 2 Proper timing for privilege removal nature of privilege may require that the punishment be delayed such as being grounded on the weekend Rationale needs to come before punishment Can review after punishment has been given again g How does the timing for privilege removal differ from the timing for time out and why rationale is done before and child teen needs to wait for the punishment as where timeout occurs immediately 1 3 Marital conflict divorce a Marital conflict can potentially hurt children in 2 ways one of which is more indirect and one of which is direct Explain both a Stress for parents leads to poor parenting which in turn leads to child problems b Harms the child when they witness conflict between parents c Birth of child creates conflict in all relationships especially weak relationships Even good marriages need help at certain times b The birth of a child can create tension in a marital relationship for both parents On average who is likely to feel more marital dissatisfaction mother or father and why a Men usually withdraw into work and lose their sex appeal toward the
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