DEP3103 02 Exam 1 Review Chapter 1 History Theories Research What are the three historical philosophical views of childhood ORIGINAL SIN TABULA RASA INNATE GOODNESS What is the photographic dome GESELL DOME THAT OFFERED UNOBTRUSIVE OBSERVATION What is the nature vs nurture debate about WHAT YOU RE BORN WITH VS WHAT YOU LEARN What is the discontinuity or stage concept What is the continuity concept CONTINUITY GRADUAL DISCONTINUITY DISTINCT ABRUPT o Which developmentalist nature driven vs nurture driven focuses more so o which concept of development continuity or discontinuity NATURE DISTINCT DISCONTINUITY NURTURE GRADUAL CONTINUITY What is the difference between an theory and a hypothesis HYPOTHESIS IS TESTABLE Theory interrelated coherent set of ideas that helps explain and to make predictions Hypotheses specific testable assumptions or predictions often written as if then statements What are the various types of research drawbacks and benefits of each o i e observational survey naturalist observation o Observation Trained observers systematically gather record and communicate observations o Laboratory see drawbacks controlled setting with many of the complex factors of the real world removed o Naturalistic observation observing behavior in real world settings o Survey and interview often the best and quickest way to get information about people Standardized tests uniform procedures for administration and scoring many allow a person s performance to be compared with the performance of other Limitation test reliability variability of scores based on situations and or test anxiety Psychophysiological measures e g MRI EEG assess the functioning of the central nervous system autonomic nervous system and individuals culture bias endocrine system Case study in depth look at a single individual What is the difference between a longitudinal cross sectional and sequential design Cross Sectional Approach A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time Longitudinal Approach A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time usually several years or more What is descriptive research aims at observing and recording behavior and can reveal important information but cannot show cause and effect What is correlational research describes strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics What is experimental research carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant Independent or predictor variable IV a manipulated influential experimental factor potential cause can be manipulated independently of other factors to determine its effects Dependent or outcome variable DV a factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the IV Researchers measure the DV for any resulting effect Exosystem friends of amily neighhbors media What are the environmental systems in the ecological theory Microsystem school family peers mesosystem Macrosystem cultural beliefs What is vygotsky s theory of zone of proximal development Development of memory attention and reasoning involves learning to use the inventions of Portrayed child s development as inseparable from social and cultural activities Chronosystem aspects of time i e generational society such as language mathematical systems and memory strategies Children actively construct their knowledge Gave social interaction particularly with adults and knowledgeable others and culture far more important roles in cognitive development than Piaget did o What is Scaffolding CHANGING THE LEVEL OF SUPPORT USED OVER A TEACHING SESSION ADJUSTING GUIDANCE TO FIT PERFORMANCE LEVEL Chapter 2 Biological Process Genes What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins MONOZYGOTIC IDENTICAL TWINS ONE EGG DIZYGOTIC FRATERNAL TWINS 2 SEPARATE EGGS What is Darwin s theory of survival of the fittest natural selection adaption behavior Natural selection evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones who survive and reproduce Those who do survive and reproduce pass on their characteristics to the next generation Adaptive behavior behavior that promotes an organism s survival in the natural habitat What is meiosis and mitosis MITOSIS CELL REPLICATION IDENTICAL MEIOSIS FORMS SEX CELLS EACH EGG OR SPERM THEN HAS 23 UNPAIRED CHROMOSOMES What are sources of genetic variability GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE COMBINING GENES OF TWO PARENTS IN OFFSPRING What are dominant vs recessive genes Dominant Recessive Genes Principle the dominant gene of a pair exerts its effects overriding potential influence of the recessive gene recessive gene exerts its influence only if the 2 genes of a pair are both recessive What is the epigenetic view DEVELOPMENT IS THE RESULT OF AN ONGOING BI DIRECTIONAL INTERCHANGE BETWEEN HEREDITY THE ENVIRONMENT COMBINATION OF NATURE AND NURTURE What are active passive and evocative genotype environment correlations 3 Heredity Environment Correlations Passive genotype environment correlations occur because biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child Evocative genotype environment correlations occur because a child s characteristics elicit certain types of environments Active niche picking genotype environment correlations occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating What are shared vs non shared environmental experiences Shared environmental experiences may include parents personalities intellectual orientation family s socioeconomic status neighborhood Non Shared environmental experiences may include the child s unique experiences within the family and outside the family Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth What are the various periods of prenatal development GERMINAL EMBRYONIC FETAL What is organogenesis 1ST TRIMESTER WHEN ORGANS DEVELOP What are blastocysts and trophoblasts BLASTOCYSTS INNER PART OF CELL WHICH BECOMES EMBRYO TROPHOBLASTS OUTER PART WHICH BECOMES PLACENTA UMBILICAL CORD ETC What is the purpose of the umbilical cord and the placenta NUTRIENTS AND BLOODFLOW What problems can result from the underdevelopment of neural networks or the neural tube SPINAL TUBE DOES NOT CLOSE PROGRESSING INTO THE BRAIN CAUSING BRAIN DAMAGE SPINA BIFIDA ANENCEPHALY What are Teratogens HARMFUL AGENT THAT CAUSES BIRTH DEFECTS FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR
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