Chapter 9 Language 10 19 2011 What is language System of Communication o Written verbal nonverbal Rule of Systems o Phonology language s sound system Different languages have different sound systems Phonemes really important in language Smallest unit of sound that affects meaning Example CAT How many phonemes 3 PH ST CH would each count as 1 2 letters can sometimes be one phoneme Bnik 0 not a word o Morphology language s meaning system Morphemes smallest units of meaning It is a word or part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts Prefixes suffixes and root words Examples anti pre ful ed past ing happening s un re FARMER how many morphemes 2 FARM ER o Syntax rules by which words are arranged in sentences Adjectives go before nouns Example The pretty girl walked to class The girl pretty walked to class syntaxally incorrect o Semantics rules for how words can be organized with respect Example The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy Semantically incorrect because bikes can t talk o Pragmatics rules for appropriate use of language in different to meaning bar contexts respect Talking more formally to people of power higher Don t interrupt people while they re talking Volume of voice not being loud in a library When you violate these rules you should feel uncomfortable When talking to a sibling Gimme a crayon When talking to a stranger May I have one of your crayons Children learn how to talk to different people Infancy Cooing 1 2 months o Vowel like noises pleasant oo sound Babbling 4 months o Able to add consonants o Long strings of consonant vowel combinations Babababababa Nananananana Parents will take from these babbling strings and think their child said a word o Deaf babies are capable of babbling to develop past this babbling stage you have to be able to hear human speech o Normal hearing babies will continue to babble even after they say their first words Gestures 6 12 months o Nonverbal communication o Importance of gestures Study Iverson and Goldin Meadow 2005 Used 10 children 10 24 months Observed 8 times a day play and meal time Attempt to direct the adults attention Asked to ignore what might be a ritual act No ritual acts blowing kisses or patty cake Results 3 main categories of gestures consistency across children of how they use gestures to get what they want Deictic Gesture holding up an object so adult can see it index pointing palm pointing showing o Putting a bottle in someone s face can mean can you open it or take it o Pointing at the bottle may mean you Conventional Gestures nodding head yes or want it no Ritualized Gestures child extends his or her arm towards something repeated opening and closing of palm o Means give me kids are able to communicate before they can verbalize with the gestures Baby Sign Language o 24 month old babies using sign language were like 27 months o 36 month old babies were talking like 46 month old o Signing boosts self confidence and self esteem o Why Do it Parents can find out what is going on in a baby s mind What they want or need Fine motor skills develop faster than those required for speech o When can you start teaching No earlier than 6 months o Benefits Can reduce frustration in both children and parents Makes communication easier Increase self confidence in child When they can successfully communicate with you and have their needs met it makes them feel good Enriches parent child bond Children are reaching language milestones earlier First Words between 10 15 months o Infants indicate their first understanding of words between 8 12 months names Pointing to yourself and telling a baby your name and then pointing to someone else and asking them their o Important objects to a child would be their first words Parents pets toys body parts o Easiest sound sequences Things that are going to be easy to say are going to be more likely to be said first Mama Dada bye bye nigh night Practice pronouncing sounds in words o About 18 months o Juice du ju dus jus sus jusi o Can have the word down but still working on how to say it Vocabulary playing with the sound o Timemba remember o Pagetti Spaghetti o 18 months 50 words o 2 years old 200 words o 6 years 10 000 words learning a lot of words very quickly Overextension o Apply words too broadly o Example Use the word car for buses trains trucks o Example Saying doggy for all four legged animals Accommodation schemas Underextension o Apply words too narrowly o Example Dad s yellow Chevy Malibu is only thing car o Example Goes to zoo and won t call bear a bear because only his special teddy is a bear Telegraphic Speech 18 24 months o Focus on high content words and leave out smaller less o Example Mommy shoe now Go car More cookie important ones where ball Have to be present to understand context because Go car can mean a lot of things 3 years of Age o Kids being able to link words together o 3 4 5 word combinations o Short simple sentences 4 5 years of Age incorrectly o Saying goed instead of went o Saying foots instead of feet o Change speech style to suit situation o understand and use morphemes tendency to overuse or If a 4 5 year old is around a year old they ll change the way they speak to them Understanding pragmatics Child directed speech short simple sentences higher pitches repeat important phrases and talk more slowly 6 10 years old appreciate multiple meanings of words o metaphors jokes o Example Why was 6 afraid of 7 o Ability to understand puns was not possible until middle age How Language Develops 10 19 2011 Adolescence Development of abstract thinking analyzing the function words play in a sentence Thinking of how language can say so many things Ability to manipulate language Often speak their own dialect distinguished by vocabulary grammar or pronunciation o Examples slang texting language Reading Early Childhood Pre school Years o What should a literacy program for preschool children look like Focus on language skills phonological and syntactic knowledge and letter identification A longitudinal study found that phonological awareness letter name and sound knowledge and naming speed in kindergarten were linked to reading success in first and second grade Middle childhood read and write o This is where most kids learn the skills that make it possible to Using language to talk about things that are not physically present learning what a word is and learning how to recognize and talk about sounds Kindergarten teacher can make the reading word
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