Final Exam Study Guide May 2 2013 3 00 5 00 DEP3103 01 Child Psychology Prof Novell Tani M S M A S S Spring 2013 1 What are the three historical philosophical views of childhood Original Sin Tabula Rasa o Advocated in the Middle Ages o Centered on the idea that all children are born into the world as evil beings o Because children are born evil they need to be shaped to become good The goal of child rearing was to provide salvation and remove sin from child s life o Latin for blank slate o Proposed by John Locke o Favors nurture in nature vs nurture debate o Centered on the idea that children are born with no preset mental content so all knowledge and personality comes from experience and perception Childhood experiences shape adult personality Innate Goodness o Proposed by Jean Jacques Rousseau o Centered on the idea that children are inherently good beings Because children are good they should be permitted to grow naturally with little parental monitoring or constraint 2 Nature Vs Nurture Debate about whether child development is biological nature or environmental nurture Most people today agree that development involves BOTH biological and environmental factors o Increased understanding about genetic and environmental interactions 3 What is the discontinuity or stage concept What is the continuity concept Discontinuity Continuity o Naturally change from stage to stage o Developmentalists who favor NATURE describe development as a series of distinct stages Like the change from caterpillar to butterfly o Continuously nurture your plants to grow o Developmentalists who emphasize NURTURE describe development as a gradual continuous process Like the seedling s growth into an oak 4 Genotypes vs Phenotypes Genotype o A person s actual genetic material Example 23rd chromosome pair of XY Final Exam Study Guide May 2 2013 3 00 5 00 Phenotype characteristics 5 Zone of Proximal Development o The way in which a person s phenotype is outwardly expressed in observable and measureable Example Physical appearance of being male due to XY sex chromosomes Vygotsky o Scaffolding The difference between what a learner can do with help and what a learner can do without help A learning process in which support is tailored to the needs of the student with the intention of helping the student achieve his her learning goals Less and less help is given as the student gets closer to achieving learning goal on his her own 6 Piaget s Sensorimotor Development Theory The first stage in Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development o Lasts from birth to approximately 2 years o During this stage an infant s knowledge of the world is limited to his her sensory perceptions and motor activities o Six substages Reflexes 0 1 month Understanding of the world purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking Primary Circular Reactions 1 4 months Coordinating sensation and new schemas cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information o Accidentally sucking thumb then repeating because they found it pleasurable Secondary Circular Reactions 4 8 months Final Exam Study Guide May 2 2013 3 00 5 00 The child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment o Picking up a toy with the intention of putting it in his her mouth Coordination of Reactions 8 12 months The child starts to show clearly intentional actions The child begins to explore the environment around him her The child begins to understand qualities of objects o Knowing that a rattle will make a sound when shaken Tertiary Circular Reactions 12 18 months The child begins a period of trial and error experimentation o Trying different sounds in order to get attention from caregiver Early Representational Thought 18 24 months The child begins to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world 7 Aspects of Cognitive Development Theory of Mind o The ability to attribute mental states beliefs intents desires pretending knowledge etc to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs desires and intentions that are different from one s own Object Permanence o The ability for a child to understand that an object still exists even if it not in sight Peek a boo Egocentrism o Preoccupation with one s own internal world 8 Aspects of attention infantile attention Habituation Dishabituation Joint Attention o Decreases responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations o Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation o Individuals focus on the same object or event o Requires 1 An ability to track another s behavior such as following the gaze of someone 2 One person s behavior directing another s attention 3 Reciprocal interaction 9 Intelligence Intelligence Quotient o Created by William Stern in 1912 o Combined chronologic age with Binet s concept of mental age individual s level of mental development relative to others Final Exam Study Guide May 2 2013 3 00 5 00 Mental Age Chronologic Age 100 Intelligence Quotient IQ Giftedness vs Mental Retardation o Giftedness Superior talent for something IQ of 130 o Mental Retardation Limited mental ability IQ 70 70 55 Mild 54 40 Moderate 39 25 Severe 25 Profound Classification of Mental Retardation Based on Levels of Support Needed 10 Aspects of grammar Phonemes Morphemes Syntax Semantics Pragmatics o Basic unit of a language s phonology o Combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units such as words or morphemes o Smallest grammatical unit in a language o Examples Prefixes root words and suffixes o The ways words combine to create acceptable phrases and sentences o The meanings of words and sentences o Appropriate use of language in different contexts 11 Chomsky s Language Acquisition Device Proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1957 Chomsky believed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain Final Exam Study Guide May 2 2013 3 00 5 00 module of the brain posited to account for children s innate predisposition for language way Hypothetical acquisition 12 Memory tools Imagery Rehearsal Elaboration Organization 13 Parenting styles Authoritarian o Assigning visuals to information o Works better for older children o Repeating information either mentally or verbally o Expanding upon information to gain better understanding and help retain information o Adolescents more likely to use this technique o Organizing information into different
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