Study Guide Language Development 1 List and explain the 5 functions of language Communicate o Information desire needs emotions opinions Influence others Make decisions Control our own emotions behaviors Escape from reality through fantasy o Okay in moderation 2 For each of the 4 components of language also called 4 faces be able to Phonology o Rules for which sounds sound combinations and intonations are legitimate Phoneme legitimate sound tu gu du Phoneme combinations bik kib bnmik Intonation emphasis question vs statement o Meaning of word and word combinations Semantics Grammar o Morphology Rules for manipulating morphemes smallest unit of language i e words prefixes suffixes Ex rules for making plurals changing tense turning noun to action word o Syntax Pragmatics How words are ordered in a sentence Ex where to put a negative order of subject and object o Rules for changing language as a function of context o Ex talk differently when at a party verse in class speak to adult then to a baby 3 Define and give example of a Phoneme legitimate sounds tu gu du b Morpheme smallest unit of lang words prefixes suffices 4 What is the difference between syntax and morphology What do they have in common Syntax is ordering sentences through rules Morphology is ordering words through rules 5 We discussed 3 different theories of language development 1 Traditional Learning Theory a Learning language is same as learning other behaviors b OC principles that apply to all learning i Reinforcement phonemes words grammar a shaping process c Role of biology i We are predisposed to respond to operant conditioning and to imitate d Role Child and Parent i Child passive ii Passive actively shape language 2 Nativist Theory a We are biologically programmed to learn lang and lang regardless of baby s genes b Born w Language Acquisition Device LAD programmed to pick up phonemes words grammar that you re exposed to c Role of Environment correct language or provide corrections d Role of Biology i Need exposure for child to pick up language and DO NOOT need to reinforce i Not born with knowledge of phonemes words or grammar of genetic language If French parents baby not biologically predisposed to speak french ii e Role of Child i Active actively figuring out the rules 3 Social Interactionist Theory also called Social Discourse Theory a Biologically predisposed to learn any lang with LAD Environment provides a Language Acquisition Support System LASS b Communication with adults about something meaningful to child is crucial not just listening to adult social discourse c Parent discourse behaviors that help often not intentional i Turn taking games w infant ii Parentese gets baby s attention high pitch slow simple rise in intonation at end iii Provide more advanced speech when baby ready iv Expansion and recasting 1 Baby Kitty eat Parent Yes the kitty is eating expansion Parent yes what is she eating Recasting d Do not need to reinforce correct language or give corrections e Role of child Active 6 Scientific Evidence Related to Theories of Language Development GO OVER THE LANGUGE THEORY SLIDES a Know and be able to explain each of the research findings presented in class Most are also in text b For each finding be able to explain how it supports and or refutes a particular theory or theories 7 Which is the most widely accepted theory of language development Explain why it is the most accepted Lots of evidence for LAD for role of social discourse that refutes Traditional Learning 8 Language Milestones a Babbling 1 What is babbling i String of constant vowel 2 By what age do most babies begin to babble regularly i 6 months languages to which they are exposed i 8 9 months 3 By what age do most babies narrow their babbling to include only the phonemes of the 4 Do deaf babies babble in sounds What does your answer suggest regarding the cause of babbling i They do babble similar to hearing babies ii If parents use sign typically they babble with hands b First words 1 By what age do most babies use their first words i 10 15 months 2 Describe the kind of words most likely to be first word of American babies i Most often nouns over verbs not the case in other countries 3 What are holophrases and give example i 1 word that conveys sentences ii Ex me I want to do it myself 4 What are overextensions and give example 5 When does the naming explosion begin i 1 5 years i When a child associates all animals with tail and four legs as a dog c 2 word sentences 1 By what age do most children start using 2 word sentences telegraphic speech i 2 years ii Ex more milk no wet there dog daddy go 2 Are two word sentences similar across different cultures What theory or theories does your answer support i Similar across diff lang including sign lang 3 Young children s 2 word sentences show proper syntax ordering of words d More complexity than 2 word sentences 1 By what age do most children begin using sentences that are more complex than 2 word sentences i 3 years ii Ex Questions Where you going Negation No break doll Other tenses besides the present I learned book e Grammar 1 What is overregularization and when does it occur i Over due the rules by applying them to every word foots goed ii 4 5 years 2 By what age do most children master the rules of grammar not including the exceptions to the rules i 4 5 years 3 By what age do most children master the exceptions to grammar rules f Pragmatics i 7 8 years i 2 3 years 1 By what age do most children show some understanding of pragmatics 2 Give 4 examples of pragmatic rules of language that children learn very early i More likely to talk when other person listens ii Give more explanation when situation is complex iii Repeat self when don t get response iv Talk differently to baby than adult 3 By what age can most children successfully participate in a conversation involving more than one other person i 4 5 years 9 Bilingualism a List 3 things that can facilitate learning more than one language a Start young b Don t mix languages consistency c Lots of exposure and discourse with each language b What are the advantages and disadvantages of being bilingual a Advantages i ii Kids have less stereotyped beliefs about other cultures Perhaps because they Improves cognitive development and self control communicate with different cultures b Disadvantages i Likely to take longer o learn each language c Teaching sign to babies that hear helps promotes comm Bc they use them earlier than words
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