The study of the behaviors and mental processes from conception to adolescence What is Child Psychology Why study Child Psychology Parenting Teaching Government Understand the impact of childhood on adulthood Better understand ourselves Helps parents teachers and others involved with children How has the perception of children changed over time Medieval times 6 15th centaury Historical artifacts and paintings suggest that children were seen as separate from adults 16th centaury End of 17th centaury Original Sin View Puritans child born evil Born evil and stubborn parents responsible for fixing Harsh restrictive parenting Tabula Rasa View John Locke Blank slate tablet Experiences Good person Spend time with child and help become a contributing member of society Innate Goodness View Born knowing right and wrong Inherently good Little parenting monitoring harmed by adult training 18th centaury Today Kid clothing kid menus Child entertainment Chuckie E Cheese Juvenile Court System Child Labor Laws Important Pioneers Charles Darwin Attempted to make parallels between child growth and human evolution 1st to scientifically study children Alfred Binet French asked him to set up 1st intelligence test to decide which children could attend school G Stanley Hall Paved the way for child psychology in the United States Did not believe in educating woman proposed that as women s brains got larger from education their uteruses in turn shriveled up resulting in lower fertility rates Eric Erikson Psychosocial stage model Social focus Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic theory Psychosexual stage model John Watson Lab results went straight to radio Behaviorism influenced thought on children Little Albert Focus on learning Jean Piaget Stage model Cognition Children active participants in their development Important Terminology Development Pattern of change from conception to death Biological processes Changes in the body Cognitive processes Changes in thought intelligence language Socio emotional processes Changes in relationships emotions and personality Prenatal period Conception to birth Infancy Birth to 18 24 months of age Early Childhood Preschool years 2 5 to 6 years of age Middle Childhood Elementary school years 6 11 years of age Adolescence 10 12 18 22 years of age Emerging Adulthood 18 25 years of age Three issues that child researchers deal with in their research Nature Nurture Issue Biology vs Socialization Continuity and Discontinuity Continuous development vs Stages Early Later Life Experience Early life is more important to adulthood than later life experiences Theories of Development ID gratification wants does not operate in reality EGO seeks go moderate id and super ego tries to balance influences of the other parts of personality operates in reality SUPER EGO in reality morals and virtues conscience restrictive does not operate Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud Unique history of child Series of stages with conflicts that need to be resolved Resolution or lack there of determines who you become as an adult Victorian Age Rich white women biased results Not much empirical backing of his works Psychosexual Theory focus on unconscious and drives 3 PARTS OF PERSONALITY THE THREE PLUMBERS Sex and Aggression Psychosexual Stages 1 Oral Birth 1 year Ego develops born with Id Mouth is pleasure zone Breastfeeding Anal 1 year 3 years Fixated term used to describe when one does not resolve stage 2 Potty training learn to control bowels From this stage the common phrase anal retentive is derived OCD vs Sloppy Anal fixation Anal fixation control issues 3 Phallic 3 6 years Realization of genitalia begin sex drive towards opposite sex parent Oedipus Electra Complexes Castration Anxiety father to attract women like mother Super Ego develops takes on father s morals Gender Identification 4 Develop intellectually and socially Genital Puberty Onward 5 Sexual desires return Completion leads to successful relationships Latency 6 Puberty Freud believes women have weak super ego doesn t develop Women Erik Erickson Psychosocial Stages child develops sex drive and desires for opposite sex parent fear that father will discover desire for mother and castrate him seek to be like Focused on social affiliation with others Basic 5 stages as Freud Added 3 more stages that deal with adulthood later life experiences Behavioral Social Cognitive Theories Ivan Pavlov s Classical Conditioning Behaviorism John Watson used Pavlov s conditioning experiment Behaviorism John Watson Tabla Rasa view Little Albert Fear is learned Behavior is learned Environmental Nature John Watson Video Influenced solely by environment Tabla Rasa view Environment stronger than genetics Behaviorism ALBERT BANDURA Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory Child models or imitates any behavior he or she saw Bobo the Doll Aggression Children imitate behavior Social Cognitive Theory Possible to model thought pattern Cognitive Theories key is conscious thought Jean Piagnet Cognitive Developmental Theory Actively seeking out information Schemas cognitive categories that guide behavior Assimilation Take information and put it into categories or schemas that already exist See yellow Labrador put into category for dogs Accommodation The new information doesn t fit into the categories that already exist so you make a new category See cow say doggy October oranges pumpkins Ethological Theory Konrad Lorenz Imprinting Rapid innate learning within a critical period Attachment to 1st moving object seen Early following behavior of baby birds John Bowlby Attachment Theory Bond that forms with caregiver Smiling babbling grasping crying are built in social signals that encourage caregiver approach Eclectic Theoretical Orientation Selects and uses what is considered the best in each theory The Science Study of Child development Science is not defined by WHAT it investigates but HOW it investigates it Importance of research The Scientific Method Identify the problem Collect data Use statistics and draw conclusions to current research THEORY set of ideas that helps to explain predictions and allows us to make predictions HYPOTHESES idea being tested predictions Observation observe and record behavior look for a pattern of results Laboratory vs Naturalistic observations Collect a lot of information cost effective Detail about one or more people takes a lot of time and money EEG PET scan FMRI heart rate breathing rate sweating blood pressure Detailed investigation of
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