Child Psych Notes Prenatal Development 02 12 2013 VI Newborn Testing A States require tests of common disorders ex PKU hypothyroid B Optional tests 30 rare disorders Some treatable and deadly if not treated VII Teratogens T Factors that can harm embryo fetus A 8 principles o 1 Effects of T depend on critical periods Each organ system has different critical period Exs limbs 5 8 weeks heart 3 6 weeks o 2 Each T exerts specific effect S Thalidomide limbs face heart digestive urinary and genital tracts DES primarily problems in reproductive tract o 3 Baby s and Mom s genes can decrease or increase effects of T small effects Why smoking drinking same amount can have huge or o 4 One T can intensify multiply effects of 2nd T o 5 Ts often show no effects on Mom Ex small amount of drinking antibiotics Message often don t realize when cause problems o 6 Different Ts may produce the same defect Ex prematurity Message hard to know what cause problem in specific baby o 7 Longer exposure and higher intensity of T increases harm Messages a no safe level of Teratogen b minimizing exposure helps LOT o 8 Effects of T can set up self perpetuating cycle babies that have some birth defect if the baby is less easy to care for because it suffered some physiological effect of the teratogen it s going to be tougher on you to care for the baby B Is Dad s behavior important 1 Directly expose embryo fetus to T o passive smoking can be almost as bad as actual smoking 2 Indirectly expose o stress on mom fighting can be one of the most stressful things you can creates stress hormones that directly impact embryo of go through fetus o Contagious behavior aka drinking 3 Pass down chromosomes damaged by unhealthy living o Ex excessive drinking C Is message Never take meds during pregnancy No Some things need treatment Ex hypertension diabetes asthma epilepsy debilitating depression Infancy I Definition II Natural cycle of arousal A Sleep 1st year OR 1st 18 months o Marks development of communicative speech 02 12 2013 o 1 Newborns 70 of time longest 4 5 hours often only 2 hours o 2 By 2 months Most sleep more at night than day o 3 By 1 year Most sleep through night o 4 2 kinds of sleep a regular face and body relaxed 8 9 hours b irregular eyes face move gentle limb movements REM Newborns REM 50 time 8 9 hours Older children and adults REM only 20 of time Purposes 1 Neurological stimulation 2 Consolidation of new memories B Crying o 1 Often awaken in state of crying o 2 3 types basic mild discomfort or hunger pain anger 1 3 hours total o 3 Who tells difference better Moms but men equally capable o 4 By 3 4 months crying caused more by psychological needs than physical needs o 5 How to respond Quickly if baby in need and baby cannot solve More slowly if sure it s mild discomfort And baby can solve ex uncomfortable position If in doubt how should you respond Quickly Can deal later with excess crying C Waking Activity o 1 Many awake in this state as opposed to crying o 2 Body active disorganized mind NOT alert D Alert inactivity o 1 After fed o 2 Mind alert body relaxed o 3 Best time to teach or test E Drowsiness Eyes open and close body relaxed III Feeding and Eliminating A Feeding on demand o Feed when infant shows signs of hunger o Gives security and reinforces communication o Newborns hungry every 2 4 hours Look for early signs of hunger stirring stretching sucking lip movements B Gradually C Elimination o Urinate 6 18 times day Defecate 3 7 times day Diaper change 6 20 D Toilet training begins o 1 5 to 2 years o 3 4 months B Crawl o 6 7 months C Walk alone o 15 months IV Motor Development A Hold head up sit with support roll tummy to back V Newborn s ability to learn A Operant Conditioning OC o B F Skinner o Reinforcement positive or negative when something desirable occurs after the behavior Positive reinforcement giving something pleasant so you ll want to do something again after you are rewarded Negative reinforcement taking something away that you don t like so you ll want to do it again Ex you don t like when the baby cries so you pick up the baby and the crying stops You are REMOVING something negative after behavior occurs o Punishment positive or negative when you reduce the chances of a behavior occurring by doing something undesirable after the behavior Positive punishment giving something unpleasant Negative punishment taking something pleasant away o Extinction removing reinforcement Do newborns respond to reinforcement o Yes but need many repetitions and behavior must be easy Sucking tongue out kicking B Classical Conditioning o Pavlov s dogs o Unconditioned Stimulus UCS A stimulus that controls the behavior Ex food on tongue o Unconditioned Response UR involuntary response Ex salivation from food on the tongue o Conditioned Stimulus CS bell o CS bell was wrong UCS food placed on tongue UR CS CR over time simply ringing the bell led to salivation salivation Newborns UCS bottle w sugar water UCR pucker suck CS pat on head Pat bottle pucker suck Pat pucker and suck 02 19 Do newborns classically condition to negative stimuli o No because babies are protected by parents from negative Ex Doctor gives shots and baby starts to fear doctor stimuli C Imitation o Newborns imitate very simple behaviors Ex sticking out tongue Imitate more complex behaviors by 6 months VI Perceptual abilities A How to study infants o 1 Habituation If familiar with stimulus stop responding to it need more of it to respond o 2 If reliably looks longer at one thing than another infant can tell them apart Ex breast fed 1 week olds looked longer at breast pad of mom than of nursing stranger What does this mean Babies can discriminate different smells o 3 OC Newborns will suck in pattern that leads to Mom s voice vs other woman s voice What does this mean Newborns differentiate different noises B Nature of Newborns o 1 Vision a objects blurry if not close 20 20 vision 6 12 months b discriminate different levels of brightness Newborns know if object getting bigger and bigger it s identify movement 25 can track moving object getting closer perception crawl o 2 Hearing Newborns have some understanding of depth Fear of height develops after baby can regularly a discriminate different pitches What do newborns prefer high or low pitches Why B discriminate different volumes loudness C discriminate different durations o 3 Touch a newborns like gentle touching b do newborns feel pain o 4 Smell Taste a innate preferences taste neutral water vs
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