Unit 1 1491 1607 Overview of Native Populations By 1492 at least 375 distinct languages were spoken No livestock so farming was limited No metal tools or machines or gunpowder Did not view land as an economic commodity that could be turned into a profit o Could not own the land itself European diseases destroyed native populations so Europeans could not use them for labor Tribes were matrilineal tribal rights and responsibilities and social station were determined by the bloodline of the mother European Expansion and Columbian Exchange Christopher Columbus arrived in Bahamas in October 1492 Amerigo Vespucci s trips along South American coast from 1499 to 1502 made Europeans realize they found a whole continent Spanish Exploration o Treaty of Tordesillas signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494 Decided how Columbus s discovers of the New World would be divided o Encomienda labor system in which Spaniards were given land by the crown and were obligated to care for their Native American slaves o Repartimiento system replaced encomienda in 1550 Governed that those living in Indian villages were legally free and deserved compensation o Promise of finding new sources of gold prompted Spanish explorers to venture into North America and colonize Florida Other objective for Florida create a military base that could defend their overseas empire from pirates French Expansion o Goal find gold and discover a Northwest passage from Atlantic ocean to the Pacific Ocean o Focused on what is now Canada and Northeast U S English Exploration o Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 sent approximately 100 male colonists to Roanoke Perilous sand bakes made it difficult to attack but also difficult to bring supplies to Two years after founding sent another 94 colonists These were the first English families to arrive in the New World In August of 1590 everyone disappeared o Treaty of London 1604 ended the intermittent Anglo Spanish war Minimized possibility of Spanish attack on England s colonies o Virginia Company Incorporated in 1606 and gained charter to colonize Virginia Arrived in Chesapeake Bay on April 26 1607 1607 1754 Unit 2 1607 1754 European Colonization French Colonization o Quebec was founded as a small trading post in 1608 for fur o France found Mississippi River in 17th century By 1681 they reached the Gulf and established claim to the entirety of the Mississippi River Valley region Dutch Colonization o Goal in colonizing New World was purely commercial not missionary o In 1609 Henry Hudson sailed into New York Harbor The Dutch eventually established a permanent base at Fort Nassau on the upper Hudson o In 1623 established New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island Most religiously and ethnically diverse colony in North America o Anglo Dutch War in 1664 English took control of New Netherland In fewer than 20 years New York s population grew from 9 000 to 20 000 under English rule English Colonization o Religion profit and prestige all played a role in England s early motives in colonizing the New World o Indentured servitude Nearly two thirds of English colonists who emigrated during the 17 th century offered up 5 to 7 years of freedom to go to New World Basically slaves o Puritanism religious code and a kind of societal organization Believed true believers should read Bible for themselves o Mercantilism theory that government control economic pursuits to advocate national power New role for colonies export raw materials to and import from mother country o Navigation Acts colonial commodities such as tobacco and sugar had to be exported to England in English ships and sold in English ports before they could be re exported to other nations American Slavery o Middle Passage part of Triangular trade among Europe Africa and the Americas in which Africans were transported across Atlantic as slaves o Chesapeake slavery Africans first arrived in North America in Virginia Treated as slaves but had limits to their terms Wasn t until the 1660s when Virginia and Maryland laws explicitly referred to slaves Intercultural Contact and Conflict 2 English didn t like Indians Indians at Jamestown o John Smith was captured by Powhatan and saved by Pocahontas 1607 1754 o in 1622 Opechancanough killed 25 of Virginia colonists in 1 day Indians in New England o Skipping this Religious Conflict in New England o Roger Williams a Protestant theologian advocated for the separation of church and state as well as the retreat of colonial congregations from the Church of England Banished from Massachusetts in 1636 Went on to found Rhode Island o Anne Hutchinson preached that salvation could not be earned by simply going to church and exhibiting moral behavior Condemned for violating church doctrine through her claims that God had spoken directly to her Banished and moved to Rhode Island o Thomas Hooker prominent Puritan leader that dissented with other Massachusetts authorities and established settlement at Hartford Connecticut Fundamental Orders first constitution in colonial America Called for power of government to be derived from the governed who did not need to be church members to vote Bacon s Rebellion o 1676 o Virginia governor William Berkley governed the colony based on the interests of the wealthy elite tobacco planters Also disallowed colonists from settling in areas reserved for the natives o He pissed off Nathaniel Bacon who mobilized fellow backwoodsmen to form a militia Massacred native villages Eventually defeated Berkley s forces and set fire to Jamestown Stono Rebellion o In 1739 slaves took control of store that stocked various weapons o Marched towards Florida and killed any whites they encountered while chanting Liberty o Incurred the deaths of more than two dozen whites and as many as 200 African slaves o Caused proprietors of South Carolina to make a stricter slave code and issue a temporary prohibitive tax on the import of slaves Development of Colonial Societies 3 The Chesapeake o House of Burgesses established by Virginia company in 1619 First elected assembly in the New World Only landowners had right to vote o In 1624 Virginia company conceded it charter to England making it the first royal colony whose governor was appointed by the crown o John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of tobacco to Virginia This was a huge crop as the years went on o Maryland Founded in 1632 as proprietary colony crown allotted land and governmental command to one person Lord Baltimore ruled colony he was catholic Protestants
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