Unit 1: 1491-1607Overview of Native PopulationsEuropean Expansion and Columbian ExchangeUnit 2: 1607-1754Intercultural Contact and ConflictDevelopment of Colonial SocietiesUnit 3: 1754-1800The American RevolutionExperiments with Government, Religious, Economic, and Cultural IdeasEarly Days after RevolutionUnit 4: 1800-1848Defining the Nation’s Democratic IdealsTechnological, Agricultural, and Commercial DevelopmentsForeign Policy1844-1877Expansionist Foreign PolicyOnset of the Civil WarThe Civil War and Its AftermathReconstructionUnit 1: 1491-1607Overview of Native Populations- By 1492, at least 375 distinct languages were spoken- No livestock, so farming was limited- No metal tools or machines or gunpowder- Did not view land as an economic commodity that could be turned into a profito Could not own the land itself- European diseases destroyed native populations, so Europeans could not use them for labor- Tribes were matrilineal: tribal rights and responsibilities and social station were determined by the bloodline of the motherEuropean Expansion and Columbian Exchange- Christopher Columbus arrived in Bahamas in October 1492- Amerigo Vespucci’s trips along South American coast from 1499 to 1502 made Europeans realize they found a whole continent- Spanish Explorationo Treaty of Tordesillas: signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494. Decided how Columbus’s discovers of the New World would be dividedo Encomienda: labor system in which Spaniards were given land by the crown and were obligated to care for their Native American slaveso Repartimiento system: replaced encomienda in 1550. Governed that those living in Indian villages were legally free and deserved compensation.o Promise of finding new sources of gold prompted Spanish explorers to venture into North America and colonize Florida Other objective for Florida: create a military base that could defend their overseas empire from pirates- French Expansion:o Goal: find gold and discover a Northwest passage from Atlantic ocean to the Pacific Oceano Focused on what is now Canada and Northeast U.S.- English Exploration:o Sir Walter Raleigh: in 1585, sent approximately 100 male colonists to Roanoke Perilous sand bakes made it difficult to attack, but also difficult to bring supplies to Two years after founding, sent another 94 colonists. These were the first English families to arrive in the New World In August of 1590, everyone disappearedo Treaty of London (1604): ended the intermittent Anglo-Spanish war. Minimized possibility of Spanish attack on England’s colonieso Virginia Company: Incorporated in 1606 and gained charter to colonize Virginia. Arrived in Chesapeake Bay on April 26, 1607.1607-1754Unit 2: 1607-1754European Colonization- French Colonizationo Quebec was founded as a small trading post in 1608 for fur. o France found Mississippi River in 17th century. By 1681, they reached the Gulf and established claim to the entirety of the Mississippi River Valley region- Dutch Colonizationo Goal in colonizing New World was purely commercial, not missionary.o In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed into New York Harbor The Dutch eventually established a permanent base at Fort Nassau on the upper Hudsono In 1623, established New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island Most religiously and ethnically diverse colony in North Americao Anglo-Dutch War: in 1664, English took control of New Netherland In fewer than 20 years, New York’s population grew from 9,000 to 20,000 under English rule- English Colonization:o Religion, profit, and prestige all played a role in England’s early motives in colonizing the New Worldo Indentured servitude: Nearly two-thirds of English colonists who emigrated during the 17th century offered up 5 to 7 years of freedom to go to New World Basically slaveso Puritanism: religious code and a kind of societal organization Believed true believers should read Bible for themselveso Mercantilism: theory that government control economic pursuits to advocate national power New role for colonies: export raw materials to and import from mother countryo Navigation Acts: colonial commodities such as tobacco and sugar had to be exported to England in English ships and sold in English ports before they could be re-exported to other nations- American Slavery:o Middle Passage: part of Triangular trade among Europe, Africa, and the Americas, in which Africans were transported across Atlantic as slaves.o Chesapeake slavery: Africans first arrived in North America in Virginia Treated as slaves but had limits to their terms Wasn’t until the 1660s when Virginia and Maryland laws explicitly referred to slavesIntercultural Contact and Conflict- English didn’t like Indians- Indians at Jamestowno John Smith was captured by Powhatan and saved by Pocahontas21607-1754o in 1622, Opechancanough killed 25% of Virginia colonists in 1 day- Indians in New Englando Skipping this- Religious Conflict in New Englando Roger Williams, a Protestant theologian, advocated for the separation of church and state as well as the retreat of colonial congregations from the Church of England Banished from Massachusetts in 1636 Went on to found Rhode Islando Anne Hutchinson: preached that salvation could not be earned by simply going to church and exhibiting moral behavior. Condemned for violating church doctrine through her claims that God had spoken directly to her. Banished and moved to Rhode Islando Thomas Hooker: prominent Puritan leader that dissented with other Massachusetts authorities and established settlement at Hartford, Connecticut Fundamental Orders: first constitution in colonial America- Called for power of government to be derived from the governed, who did not need to be church members to vote- Bacon’s Rebellion:o 1676o Virginia governor, William Berkley, governed the colony based on the interests of the wealthy, elite tobacco planters Also disallowed colonists from settling in areas reserved for the nativeso He pissed off Nathaniel Bacon, who mobilized fellow backwoodsmen to form a militia. Massacred native villages Eventually defeated Berkley’s forces and set fire to Jamestown- Stono Rebelliono In 1739, slaves took control of store that stocked various weaponso Marched towards Florida and killed any whites they encountered while chanting “Liberty”o Incurred the deaths of more than two dozen whites and as many as 200 African slaveso Caused proprietors of South Carolina to
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