PPE 3003 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 18 21 Lecture 18 1 Know and be able to differentiate the 3 mechanisms of personality X social situation interaction The three mechanisms include selection evocation and manipulation Selection includes 2 Know the complementary needs theory and the attraction similarity theory and know which one is correct The complementary needs theory states that opposites attract while attraction similarity is where birds of a feather flock together Attraction similarity has been proven correct 3 Know the personality traits associated with relationship satisfaction The personality traits associated with relationship satisfaction are agreeableness emotional stability openness and conscientiousness 4 Be able to explain assortative mating Assortative mating is where individuals that having more traits in common than likely in random mating 5 Understand the relationship between shyness and risk taking Those high in shyness leaders to a greater vulnerability to some risks but decreases other types of risks 6 Understand the process of how aggression evokes aggression Aggressive people evoke hostility from others In other words an aggressive personality leads to aggressive behavior which results in hostile reactions from others 7 Understand expectancy confirmation and how this can lead to self fulfilling prophecies Expectancy confirmation is when beliefs about personality of other people promote behaviors that evoke actions consistent with initial beliefs This can lead to self fulfilling prophecies because when you meet others and have certain expectations about them you will treat them in such a way to confirm this expectation 8 Know the examples from both the book and lecture of how personality predicts what manipulation strategies people tend to use Some tactics include charm coercion silent treatment reason regression self abasement responsibility invocation hardball pleasure induction social comparison and monetary reward This high in extraversion would resort to coercion invoking and responsibility tactics while those low in extraversion use self abasement and hardball Those high in agreeableness use pleasure induction and reason while low agreeableness favor coercion and the silent treatment 9 Understand Machiavellianism Machiavellianism is a manipulative strategy of social interaction that uses others for their own personal gain High Machs prefer a lack of structure and organization and prefer few rules and regulations Lecture 19 1 Know the difference between sex and gender While sex is based on biology gender is social constructs based on behavior and culture Also gender deals with the psychological characteristics that are associated with one sex while sex is deals with the X and Y chromosomes 2 Be able to interpret a d statistic and know how effect sizes are used in meta analyses Effect size expressed as d is a standard deviation unit Positive effect sizes mean that men are higher while negative effect sizes mean that women are higher A small effect size is 20 a medium d is 50 and a large d is 80 3 Know and be able to recognize examples of the three components of gender stereotypes Three components of gender stereotypes are cognitive affective and behavioral Cognitive gender stereotypes include the belief that males are better at math so girls cannot be good at math Affective gender stereotypes would be the career woman versus the soccer mom instead of a balance between the two Behavioral stereotypes would include the belief that men throw a ball at a longer distance then they are better at sports but some women throw longer and at a faster speed than some men 4 Know the observed sex differences that were discussed in class The observed sex differences include that men are more assertive women are more agreeable men are more aggressive women are more neurotic women experience emotions more frequently and more intensely men find casual sex more appealing men desire a larger number of sex partners and men ten to be more sexually aggressive 5 Know and understand the socialization hormonal and evolutionary theories of sex differences that were discussed in class The socialization theory is where boys are encouraged to be masculine and girls are encouraged to be feminine and is related to Bandura s social learning theory which is where children learn from models of their own sex Eagly and Wood s social role theory is where men and women are distributed differently in family and occupational roles Hormonal theories include sex differences in personality are due to hormonal differences Men and women differ in testosterone levels the levels are linked with aggression dominance sexual motivations and career choices Girls with an overactive adrenal gland in the womb tend to be more masculine Evolution theories include that men and women s personalities differ to the extent that they face different adaptive problems like parental investment and number of male versus female ancestors Lecture 20 1 Know and understand the three approaches to studying the relationship between culture and personality The three approaches to culture in personality psychology are evoked culture transmitted culture and culture universals 2 Know understand and be able to recognize examples of the two factors of evoked culture The two factors in evoked culture are environmental differences and underlying psychological mechanisms that responds to the environmental condition Psychological mechanisms are the 3 4 5 6 7 sweat glands possessed by all people Environmental differences include differences in ambient temperature Understand the relationship between cooperation and food source variance Cooperation and food source variance are related High variance food source leads to high cooperation such as the hunters Low variance food sources lead to low cooperation such as gatherers Understand the concept of culture of honor The concept of culture of honor is where herding leads to high level of theft which leads to an advantage to building a reputation as ruthless Understand how childhood environment can influence mating strategies It can influence mating strategies because unstable environments can create a fast mating strategy On the other hand stable childhood environment results in a slow mating strategy Understand the distinction between individualism and collectivism Individualism encourages independent beliefs less concern for others and less sharing values Collectivism
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