PPE 3003 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Neo-Analytic Movement II. Repression and Contemporary Research III. Contemporary Views on the Unconscious IV. Ego Psychology V. Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development VI. Object Relations Theory VII. Early Childhood Attachment Outline of Current Lecture I. MotivesII. Basic Concepts III. Motives and PersonalityIV. NeedsV. Murray’s Theory of NeedsVI. Measuring NeedsVII. Need for Achievement (nAch)VIII. Need for Power (nPow)IX. Need for Intimacy (nInt)X. Humanistic Psychology XI. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers XII. Client-Centered Therapy Current LectureA. Motivesa. An internal state that arouses and directs behavior toward a specific object or goalB. Basic Conceptsa. Deficit (have not eaten today) Need (for food) Motive (hunger)b. Motive leads to thoughts and fantasies i. Thinking about food, fantasizing about a big meal, perceiving that a rock looks like a load of bread)c. Motives lead to behaviors intended to satisfy the need i. Go to the store, but food, bring it home and cook it C. Motives and Personalitya. People differ from one another in the type and strength of their motivesb. These differences are measurablec. These differences cause or are associated with life outcomes D. Needsa. Achievementb. Exhibitionc. Orderd. Dominance/Powere. Aggression f. Autonomyg. Blame-avoidanceh. Affiliation i. Nurturancej. Main three are achievement, dominance/power, and affiliation i. Called the Big ThreeE. Murray’s Theory of Needsa. Needs organize actioni. The individual is compelled to do what is necessary to satisfy a needb. By satisfying needs, we reduce but do not eliminate tensionc. The process of satisfying needs is pleasurable, not the absence of needs F. Measuring Needsa. Self-report questionnaires b. Projective Testsi. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)G. Need for Achievement (nAch)a. High nAchi. Prefer activities that offer some (but not too much) challenge ii. Enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for the outcomeiii. Like to be able to get feedback H. Need for Power (nPow)a. Readiness/preference for having an impact on peopleb. People with high nPowi. Like to be in control1. Over situations2. Over other peopleI. Need for Intimacy (nInt)a. Preference for warm close, communicative interactionsb. High nInt (compared to low)i. Spend more time thinking about relationshipsii. Report more pleasant emotions when around othersiii. Smile, laugh, and make eye contact moreiv. Initiate more conversations J. Humanistic Psychologya. Emphasizes the human need for growthi. More than merely overcoming deficits b. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needsi. From top to bottom: Self-actualization, self-esteem, social, safety, physiological ii. Two important assumptions1. Typically people must fulfill the lower needs before achieving higher needs2. Lower needs are generally more pressing (food, water, shelter, ect)K. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers a. 15 total, but do not need all of them at the same time b. Examplesi. Acceptable of self and othersii. Comfortable being aloneiii. Creativeiv. Detached from culture-bound rules L. Client-Centered Therapya. Based on the principles of Humanistic Psychology b. Three core conditionsi. Genuine acceptanceii. Unconditional positive regardiii. Empathetic
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