PPE 3003 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Amadou DialloII. The Cognitive Approach to Personality III. Three Levels of Cognition IV. Perceptual LevelV. Interpretation VI. Goals and BeliefsVII. IntelligenceVIII. Emotional IntelligenceOutline of Current Lecture I. Three Components of EmotionsII. Emotions are Functional III. Two Approaches to Studying EmotionsIV. Emotions and Personality V. Pleasant Emotions: HappinessVI. Negative Emotions: AnxietyVII. Negative Emotions: DepressionVIII. Negative Emotions: AngerCurrent LectureA. Three Components of Emotions a. Distinct subjective feelingi. How does it feel to be angry?ii. How does it feel to be afraid?b. Associated with bodily changesi. Examples include heart rate, facial expressions, and muscle tensionc. Distinct action tendenciesi. Anger might lead to aggressive actionii. Sadness might lead one to seek social support B. Emotions are Functionala. Emotions are adaptivei. Example1. Emotion of disgust prevents people from eating harmful things2. Anger can prevents people from being taken advantage of 3. Sadness can signal a need for social support4. Fear can prevent people from doing dangerous activities C. Two Approaches to Studying Emotionsa. Categorical Approachi. There are only a few “primary” emotions that are distinct ii. Different theorists use different criteria for identifying primary emotionsb. Dimensional Approachi. Emotions are not distinct, but rather they exist on a continuum ii. Two dimensions: activation and pleasantness1. Aka- arousal and valance2. High activation/low activation versus pleasant/unpleasant3. High Activation and pleasanta. Pleased, glad, aroused, astonished, excited, happy, delighted4. Low activation and pleasanta. Content, satisfied, at ease, calm, relaxed, serene, sleepy, tired5. Low activation and unpleasanta. Miserable, sad, depressed, gloomy, bored, droopy6. High activation and unpleasanta. Distressed, annoyed, frustrated, tense, angry, afraid, alarmedD. Emotions and Personalitya. People’s emotional experiences differ in i. Content1. The kind of emotions that one tends to experienceii. Style1. The manner is which one experiences emotionsa. Affect intensity: how intensely does one tend to experience emotionsiii. What emotions are regarded as desirable1. For example, do you like to be calm or excited? Do you sometimes like to feel fear? E. Pleasant Emotions: Happiness a. What is happinessi. William James1. Ratio of accomplishments to aspirations ii. The subjective feeling of well being or life satisfaction iii. Having more positive emotions than negative emotions b. Two personality traits that are most associated with happinessi. Extraversionii. Neuroticism c. Larsen and colleaguesi. Gave participants personality questionnaires to fill outii. Exposure to pleasant or unpleasant stimuliiii. High extraversion is associated with increased positive emotions after exposure to pleasant stimuliiv. High neuroticism is associated with increased negative emotions after exposure to unpleasant stimulid. Happiness is associated with longevity, self-esteem, job satisfaction, marriage success, and other positive outcomesi. There is a reciprocal causality between success and happinesse. Steps to maintain happinessi. Spend time with people who you enjoy their companyii. Seek meaningful workiii. Help othersiv. Engage in pleasurable activitiesv. Stay in shapevi. Have a plan, but be open to changevii. Be optimisticviii. Have perspective F. Negative Emotions: Anxietya. Closely tied to neuroticism i. Easily irritated ii. Overreacting to unpleasant eventsiii. Eysenck argued that neuroticism is associated with an easily-activated limbic system 1. Fight or flight response G. Negative Emotions: Depressiona. Twenty percent of Americans experiences depression at some point in their livesb. Diathesisi. Stress modelii. A preexisting vulnerability (diathesis) combined with stress leads to depressionc. Beck’s cognitive theoryi. Distortions in information processing contribute to depression1. Overgeneralizing, catastrophizing, personalizing d. Neurotransmitter theory of depressioni. Imbalance of serotonin and/or norepinephrine can cause depressionH. Negative Emotions: Angera. Extremely violent people showed low levels of activity in prefrontal cortex (associated with emotion regulation and impulse
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