Exam 2 Learning Objectives From Class and the Book Lecture 1 1 Conditioning 1 Know the differences between classical and operant conditioning a Classical conditioning A form of simple learning whereby an unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus originally not likely to evoke a response comes to be associated with the unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually does evoke a conditioned response i UCS UCR ii CS UCS UCR iii Finally CS CR b Operant Conditioning learning influenced by reinforcement and punishment through which behavior is modified by its consequences Freely emitted behaviors will increase when followed by positive consequences reinforcement or decreased when followed by negative consequences punishment 2 Know the terms and examples from page 72 a Positive Reinforcer presentation of a stimulus after a response which strengthens the response i A 1st grade teacher s praise for a child s obedient behavior leads to increased obedience in the future b Negative Reinforcer the removal of a stimulus after a response strengthens the response i Constant criticism from your mother about smoking cigarettes stops when you quit smoking Removal of the criticism reward for stopping smoking c Positive Punishment presentation of a stimulus after a response weakens the response i A speeding motorist is given a ticket for going too fast The ticket punishment which leads to less speeding by the motorist in the future d Negative Punishment the removal of a stimulus after a response weakens the response i A teen who repeatedly breaks curfew is grounded The positive reinforcer of going out with her friends is removed causing the teen in subsequent weeks to come home in time OTHER CONCEPTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING e Extinction a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced eventually the behavior decreases and drops to baseline levels i Child no longer says please thank you at the dinner table because the parents no longer reinforce the behavior with smiles and compliments f Shaping getting the organism to emit a complex response by reinforcing successive approximations to the behaviors that make up the complex response i Little league coach teaching a child to hit a ball by praising many simple behaviors of batting At 1st child is reinforced for being in the correct stance then for swinging the bat then finally hitting the ball Finally praise is only delivered when child shows the entire complex process of actually hitting the ball g Continuous reinforcement delivering reinforcement after every instance of a particular response Behavior submitted to a continuous reinforcement schedule is learned rapidly i Every time a man tells his girlfriend he loves her she kisses him h Partial reinforcement Not reinforcing every instance of behavior but rather delivering reinforcement intermittently according to a particular schedule 2 types i Interval reinforcement schedules administer reinforcement after a particular period of time 1 Example A worker receives a paycheck once every 2 weeks ii Ratio reinforcement schedules administer reinforcement after a particular of responses computers 1 Example A computer salesman receives a bonus after he sells 100 iii Behavior submitted to partial reinforcement schedules is more resistant to extinction than continually reinforced behavior a Learning by watching or reading about what other people do 4 What are the steps necessary for observational learning Be able to recognize examples i 3 What is observational learning a Attention b Retention c Motor Reproductive Processes d Motivational processes 5 What is social ecology shape his or her life a The many different environmental contexts that influence a person s behavior and 6 What is a microcontext What is a macrocontext Be able to recognize examples a Microcontext Immediate environmental influences b Macrotext social class gender race culture historical contexts in which we live 7 What is a meme non pop culture version Be able to recognize examples How are memes like genes An idea behavior style or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture a b Culture survives longer if they encompass a belief that other cultures are inferior and 8 What are the differences between Easter and Western cultures when describing themselves should be converted or killed i English language ii Democracy iii Christianity a Relationships vs characteristics b Context dependence c Special ness 9 What are the two fundamental cultural tasks a Be close to others interdependence b Maintain independence independence 10 Recognize examples of independent and interdependent behavior Are Eastern cultures or Western cultures more independent Which is more interdependent How does this relate to individualistic and collectivistic cultures a Independence i Assert what you want ii Assume everyone around you is asserting what they want b Interdependence i Try to accommodate what others want c Non Western Asian cultures Focus more in interdependence d Western Cultures focus more in independence i Individualistic independent ii Collectivist interdependent 11 What are the criticisms of cultural differences in self concept a Meta analysis small effect size of differences b May be over simplification 12 What is self enhancement How do cultures differ in self enhancement a Tendency to describe and present oneself positively i Americans maintain a more positive evaluation of self ii Japanese individuals are self enhance on teamwork 13 How does social class relate to personality Loser class parents emphasize obedience to authority a b Higher class emphasize self direction and non conformity i Stems from jobs expected for children 14 What are the two most universal personality dimensions Why are these important 15 Which of the big five are culturally universal What variations of the big five exist in other a Dominance submission b Friendliness hostility cultures a Surgency b Agreeableness c Emotional stability d Conscientiousness Lecture 1 2 Personality over Time 1 What is a longitudinal study a Taking multiple tests of the same group of people over time 2 List and describe the three kinds of stability Be able to recognize examples of all three i Maintenance of an individuals position within a group a Rank order of Stability 1 conservatism b Mean level of Stability i Constancy of a level in population 1 Preference for rock music over time c Personality coherence i Maintaining a rank order relative to others but changing in
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