Exam 3 Study Guide Erik Erikson s Life Stages Chapter 9 Overview of theory lifespan can be broken into 8 stages at each stage the individual is faced w a central conflict the answer to this conflict becomes part of adult character Eight Stages o Trust v Mistrust o Autonomy v Shame and Doubt 1 2 year olds can I depend on others and is the world safe Later Strength Hope that our needs will be met 2 3 year olds can I do some things for myself Later Strength will the ability to effectively exercise freedom Divorce effects later adult insecurity if it happens before age 5 o Initiative v Guilt 4 5 year olds how much power do I have to do what I want get what I want and get others to do what I want Start to see strong identification w power roles Strong capability for guilt when kids over step their entitlements Theory of Mind develops ability to recognize that others perception is different from your own As Theory of Mind develops lying increases o Industry v Inferiority 6 11 year olds how can I be good Strong obsession with rules Later strength competence the exertion of skill and smarts o Identity v Role Confusion I fit into the adult world 12 18 years Who am I and how do Later Strength Fidelity being sincere genuine and dutiful to oneself and to the socio cultural role one has adopted Corresponds to pre frontal cortex development which is responsible for abstract thinking hypothetical reasoning and self regulation Marcia s 3 Identity States Moratorium adolescents are currently in a state of crisis and are actively exploring and experimenting w alternatives Often a process of elimination in which authority figures are seen as negative identities Foreclosure expressed and adhered to without experiencing any crisis stage identity commitments are Achievement undergone a period of questioning and then committed to their own set of goals values and beliefs o Intimacy v Isolation others without losing myself my identity and my autonomy Later Strength Love the ability to psychological union Can I be close to and dependent on w someone else not restricted to romantic love o Generativity v Stagnation adulthood active involvement in teaching guiding Generativity the next generation Satisfied through purposeful work or family Stagnation involves not seeking outlets for genrativity Basic Strength care broad concern for others and for one s cultural niche Attachment Theory Chapter 2 and 8 Attachment as rational conditioned implicit model o Through recurring activation of attachment behavioral system we develop implicit answer to Will you be there when I need you o Attachment style is rational or conditioned to experiences regarding caregiver s responsiveness and availability Bowlby Ainsworth s role in early Attachment research o Attachment Behavioral System Bowlby ABS is activated in response to internal threat pain stress and external threat fear stimuli Motivates either distress signals crying verbalizing visual cues or Proximity seeking Satisfied when organism feels security o Strange Situation Test securely attached toddlers will Show signs of distress and explore less w o caregiver Explore w caregiver present Be unsuccessfully comforted by caregiver Show pleasure when care giver returns o Infants become attached when caregivers Provide regular contact comfort Responds promptly and sensitively to distress signals Provides interactional synchrony Early attachment leads to increased sociability empathy self esteem and self confidence later o Secures greater likelihood of believing in enduring romantic relationships believe that the self and their partner will be emotionally available and worthy of love o Avoidant Attached Toddlers Will Show little no distress when caregivers leave o Anxious Ambivalent Toddlers Will others Show little no differentiated behavior toward strangers or caregivers Show little no pleasure when caregiver returns Caused by Caregivers who show little response to distress discourage crying avoid proximity Effects in Adulthood Strong sense of self reliance and denial of close relationships Avoid intimacy sharing self disclosure and emotional closeness Believe romantic love is fleeting fake Over perceive betrayals and negative traits of Highly avoid separation Highly distressed when caregiver leaves Less likely to be calmed by their return May punish caregiver for leaving Caused by caregivers who unpredictably provide comfort and unpredictably express approval or disapproval Effects in Adulthood High need for intimacy approval and responsiveness in romantic relationships but less reassured by such expressions Less trust of partners despite high commitment Relationship Hypervigilance vigilantly monitor partner behavior for signs of rejection Attachment Disruptions and Trauma o Children growing up in abusive neglectful or chaotic environments have two opposing needs To develop and maintain attachment to caregivers To defend themselves emotionally physically and mentally from those they are attached to Effects of Trauma forgetting Dissociative Coping blocking out repressing Memory skewed by few snap shots of good times Reactive Attachment Disorder numbing As adults many have Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder strong need for intimacy but fear of abandonment 65 of those w Borderline Personality Disorder report some sort of trauma Personality Disorders Chapter 4 Often leads to some sort of psychological disorder especially substance abuse Inhibits neurogenesis in hippocampus which effects learning and memory Alters serotonin GABA and peptide oxygen Overactive cortisol and norepinephrine which Overall reduction in brain size grey matter and receptors leads to more stress corpus callosum size Earned Security can be earned through o High support safety and permanence from another caregiver o Doesn t matter if new caregiver is family or not o Doesn t matter when the new caregiver relationship is developed These adults show o No differences in parenting under different stress levels o No difference in proportion of securely attached kids o No differences in anxiety or depression Classifying Normal vs Abnormal Thoughts Emotions Behaviors o Normal v Abnormal is relative o All disorders have both biological and psychological causes o For diagnoses one must be Deviant both culturally and statistically Dysfunctional maladaptive and interfere with psychosocial functioning Distressing interpersonal distress is more likely than personal distress when it comes to personality disorders b
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