Emotion Learning Objectives 1 What is the difference between the paradigmatic and narrative modes a Paradigmatic mode we seek to comprehend out experience in terms of tightly reasoned analyses logical proof and empirical evidence b Narrative mode concerns itself with stories deals with human wants needs and goals 2 What are two primary psychological functions of stories and storytelling Why does self disclosure of traumatic events help reduce health problems and unwanted ruminations of the event a Healing and Integration stories bring our lives together and move us toward b psychological fulfillment and maturity Inhibiting feeling about negative events requires excessive physiological work higher heart rate skin conductance and blood pressure the effects accumulate and lead to stress related illnesses i Self disclosure allows for the person to put it behind him her 3 According to Tomkins s script theory what is the role of affect with regard to behavior How does it relate to drives What are the 10 primary affects and what makes them distinct a Affects are the primary motivators for human behavior b Affects such as excitement anger joy are independent of drives hunger sexuality but amplify drives by providing them with motivational power c 10 primary affects interest excitement enjoyment surprise distress anger fear anxiety sadness shame and guilt 4 What tends to be universal about emotions What about emotions tend to be based on culture Hint display rules a Universal some facial expressions are commonly known to go with certain emotions i Ex during happy thoughts the same facial muscles that product a smile show increased electrical activity even though the facial expression appears blank b Culture display rules determine the appropriateness of expressing certain emotions through facial behavior in certain situations i Ex American society fine for women to cry not so much men 5 What is the difference between a scene and a script a Scene the memory of a specific happening or event in one s life that contains at least one affects and one object of that affect i Organized whole that includes persons place time actions and feelings b Script set of rules for interpreting creating enhancing or defending against a family of related scenes i enable us to make sense of the relations among various scenes 6 What is the short term and long term importance of a particular scene a Short term likely to be a function of the quality of the affect in the scene one may recall a particular happening that stands out because of the intense emotion you experienced during it b Long term function of psychological magnification connecting related scenes into a meaningful pattern variants in your answer 7 What is the process of psychological magnification Be sure to include analogs and variants and health a We must recognize basic similarities and differences among various scenes b Analogs detection of similarities in different experiences these make you play the same scenarios over and over i Most likely to do this in negative affect scenes making sense of scenes of fear sadness you find ways in which they re similar c When you focus on differences in organizing various life scenes you are constructing i Most likely to do this in positive affect scenes looking at scenes of joy and focusing on how they differ around a stable core 8 Is it better to make cognitive sense of positive or negative life story scenes Why a Negative it leads to insight and positive consequences for psychological well being b Positive life events are not shown to have the same results reduced well being 9 What is a commitment script How are the scenes in this type of script generally organized a The person binds him herself to a life program or goal that promises the reward of intense positive affect long term investment in improving things b The person organizes scenes around a clearly defined and undisputed goal these scripts are not likely to entail significant conflict between competing goals i Focuses steadily on the object of commitment laboring under the conviction that bad things can be overcome 10 What is a nuclear script What is a nuclear scene and what is the general procession in a nuclear script a Marked by ambivalence and confusion about one s life goals involves complex approach avoidance conflicts person is drawn to toward repelled by particularly conflictual scenes in narrative resembles literary tragedy b Nuclear scene positive childhood scene that eventually turns bad i May involve enjoyment excitement in the presence of others but then turns bad with appearance of intimidation or confusion ii A nuclear script is initially formed as an attempt to reverse the nuclear scene and turn it back into a good thing 11 What are the four forms of coherence in a life story schema a Temporal coherence individual must be able to construct little goal directed stories about single episodes in their life i Shows that a person can narrate a sequence of actions that happen over time most can do this upon entering kindergarten b Biographical coherence able to conform their autobiographical understanding to society s expectations of the life course adolescence c Causal coherence able to connect multiple events in life into a single causal narrative midadolescence i By connecting events one can find reasons for what they are experiencing d Thematic coherence able to derive a general theme or principle about themselves based on a narrated sequence of personal event late adolescence 12 What is an autobiographical self When does it first appear How does scaffolding help this part of us develop How does the way our parents converse with us affect our autobiographical memories a Telling simple little stories about their own experiences and to store some of them as episodic knowledge in an autobiographical memory b Around age 2 c Scaffolding verbal and psychological supports that parents provide for children as they build their own sense of who they are i When parents engage children in elaborative conversation they develop more autobiographical memories 13 How does culture affect our narrative identity formation a Possibilities for story construction lie within culture lifestories reflect gender and class divisions and the patterns of economic political and cultural power that prevail in society 14 What is a self defining memory How does it relate to affect a Recollections of events in one s life that the person believes to have been
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