PPE 3003 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Sex versus Gender II. Issues Regarding Sex Differences III. Sex Difference Research IV. Stereotypes about Sex DifferencesV. Observed Sex Differences VI. Possible Reasons for Sex Difference Outline of Current Lecture I. Culture and PersonalityII. Evoked Culture III. Transmitted CultureIV. Culture Universals Current LectureA. Culture and Personalitya. Three approaches to culture in personality psychologyi. Evoked cultureii. Transmitted cultureiii. Cultural universals B. Evoked Culturea. Two factors involved i. Environmental differencesii. Underlying psychological mechanism that responds to the environmental conditionb. Cooperationi. High-variance food source leads to high cooperation1. Ex: Hunting ii. Low-variance food source leads to low cooperation 1. Ex: Gathering c. Culture of Honori. Herding leads to a high possibility of theft, which in turn, leads to an advantage to building a reputation as ruthless1. More likely to result to violence and aggression to show others to not insult you and not to steal ii. Growing crops has a low possibility of theft and leads to less of a need to appear ruthlessd. Mating Strategiesi. Unstable childhood environments can create a fast mating strategy1. Evidence in children of divorced familiesa. More likely to have more, short-term, partners, and begin at a younger age ii. Stable childhood environment results in a slow mating strategy 1. China expects long-lasting marriages, divorce is rare, and parents invest a lot of time and commitment in kids C. Transmitted Culturea. Morality b. Individualism versus Collectivismi. Cross-cultural differences in the 20 statements test D. Cultural Universalsa. Sex differencesi. Cross-cultural agreement about what characteristics are generally “male” and “female”b. Emotionsi. Cross-cultural recognition of basic facial expressionsc. Five-Factor Modeli. Large degree of cross-cultural similarity 1. Not with the fifth factor though
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