Cognitive Topics in Personality Lecture 10 Exam 4 Learning Objectives 1 Know what kinds of cognitive behavior personality psychologists study Introduction Socio cognitive approach Individual differences in how people process info o Perception o Interpretation o Goals and Beliefs 2 What are the differences between field independent and field dependent individuals Know definition and behaviors that field independence dependence predicts Field independent f Ind Context independent focus on content detail Focus in on details Better at screening out distracting info More interpersonally detached Prefer natural sciences math engineering Context dependent Focus in on big picture Attentive to social cues Oriented toward others Prefer social sciences and education Field dependent f Dep people pay attention to multiple sources of info 3 In what ways can you measure field dependence Rod and Frame Test RFT Example align a rod within the frames so that the rod is vertical Embedded Figures Test EFT finding shapes in a larger design 4 Know the reducer augmenter theory Reducer augmenter theory Augmenter more sensitive to pain and a variety of incoming sensory information Low pain tolerance Nervous system amplifies subjective impact on sensory input Reducer seek out more things to get a certain level of arousal High pain tolerance Nervous system reduces impact 5 What is the KFA What does it measure Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect KFA Estimate the length of this block by feeling it What kinds of errors do you think an augmenter would make What kind of errors do you think a reducer would make are 6 Know the basics of Kelly s personal construct theory and what personal constructs Humans as scientists People want to understand predict and control events Personal constructs used to Categorize people Interpret and predict social events behaviors Examples of constructs Friendly mean Smart not smart Boring interesting Trustworthy dishonest Anxiety results from not being able to understand predict social events Anxiety when you can t control predict someone s behavior when you can t classify them into your personal constructs Positive internal locus of control 7 What is locus of control and what does it predict Negative external locus of control Locus of control interpretation of responsibility of events how people perceive their responsibility of what happens in their life effects how people approach things in their life Internal LoC o More effort into work relationships more successful at work better interpersonal relationships tend to have better interpersonal relationships and do better at work you control are responsible for major life outcomes o Lower risk of obesity o Better credit score o Higher well being o Expectation if something bad happens to a person with internal LoC then they blame it all on themselves External LoC o More satisfaction in non responsive environments when you really do have no you are not in control other people decide what happens to you control over what happens Example teacher lesson plans captain of airplane fight 8 What is learned helplessness Learned helplessness tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we cannot control Not everyone responds to failure with learned helplessness like if you have an optimistic outlook higher self esteem occurs in people that have a particular explanatory style 9 Know the various kinds of attributions and be able to identify examples of each External or Internal o External it is something someone else s fault o Internal It s my fault Stable or Unstable Stable it will never change Unstable it can always change Global or Specific Global I am terrible at everything Specific I am bad at this particular task 10 Which types of attributions of failure are associated with learned helplessness Explanatory style how people explain causes of events attributions o Finish the sentence o I got turned down for that date because 11 What is personal project analysis Project Analysis you can use people s perception of their goals as a measure of personality People high on neuroticism o Rate projects as stressful likely to end in failure outside of their control Perception of goals is related to happiness o Completing projects goals leads to life satisfaction 12 What do people s perceptions of their goals predict Perception of goals is related to happiness Completing projects leads to life satisfaction 13 What are the achievement and aptitude views on intelligence Achievement views how much someone knows relative to others Aptitude how easy it is for someone to learn relative to others their response to failure 14 How do entity and incremental theorists view intelligence How does this predict Entity theorists fixed mindset intelligence is unchangeable Incremental theorists growth mindset intelligence is changeable how much effort you put into it If an entity theorist did poorly on an exam what do you think they would do Helps determine how people respond to challenging events and if they will engage in those challenging events What about an incremental theorist Engage in more challenges From the book Chapter 8 15 What does Kelly mean by range of convenience Range of convenience Kelly s concept of the extend to which a given personal construct is likely to guide a person s interpretation of events and the behavior he or she is likely to show 16 What is cognitive style according to the definition on page 308 Cognitive style people s characteristics and typically preferred modes of processing information such as field independence dependence and integrative complexity 17 What does the embedded square measure test Embedded figures test a test of field independence field dependence in which a person attempts to find forms hidden in an embedding field Embedded square measure test the problem is to locate a square that is hidden in the figure of many shapes o People who are field independent restructure the perceptual field so that they perform quite well in camouflage tasks 18 What is integrative complexity Integrative complexity the extend to which a person sees and interprets events in a differentiated and integrated combined ways 19 What beliefs do depressive schemas entail Depressive schemas Distort reality by casting information in a negative light People tend to o Recall more negative and unpleasant adjectives in memory tasks than do non depressed people o Recall unpleasant memories more rapidly than pleasant ones o Remember failures and forget
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