Study Guide Ch 5 8 for Exam 2 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Previous quiz questions the featured readings and the summaries at the end of textbook chapters should also guide your studying Chapter 5 Fiver Basic Traits In the Brain and in Behavior since we talked about this chapter for 3 days I d emphasize it more than the others Even though it s from Chapter 4 make sure you understand interactions They are not going away Interaction any time you think a trait will help predict human behavior What is need for cognition How does it relate to education and persuasive messages NFC need for mental stimulation enjoyment of past learning experiences dependent on intrinsic motivation stable over time students with high nfc prefer written info and factual pamphlets students with low nfc prefer comic strips and emotional pamphlets low nfc prefer interactive sites more than high nfc Understand how most people are not pure introverts or extraverts What are we really saying when we refer to someone as an introvert or an extravert Simply referring to people who tend to act in more or less extraverted ways What did Carl Jung say the relationship between extraversion and energy was Did Eysenck agree Extraverts direct their psychological energy outward to the social world whereas introverts direct it inward toward private thought and fantasy Eysenck made the same distinction Extraversion isn t just related to how we interact with others In what kinds of situations are extraverts and introverts more likely to demonstrate better cognitive performance Extraverts tend to show superior performance to introverts on tasks requiring divided attention resistance to distraction and resistance to interference Introverts tend to perform better on tasks requiring vigilance and careful attention to details better long term memory for words Why are extraverts more likely to experience express positive affect Understand savoring the positive aspects of neutral depressing events How do they respond to punishment Extraverts may be less responsive to punishment than introverts extraverts are more likely than introverts to continue responding in the face of punishment and frustration Extraverts typically fail to pause following punishment pushing ahead before they can learn from their mistakes impulsively seeking out rewards extraverts may actually be motivated by punishment to work even faster and more impulsively Extraversion is associated both with reporting greater positive affect and remembering even greater positive affect later than what was reported at the time associated with the tendency to remember a greater number of happy scenes from the past How might a trait like sensation seeking be associated to the BAS BIS system Are introverts or extraverts more sensitive to the lemon drop test Impulsivity a key component of extraversion allows behavior to be uninhibited and forward moving towards potentially rewarding stimuli RAS system controls saliva production in response to food is more active in introverts so lemon juice will produce more saliva for introverts Which Big 5 trait is most associated with behavioral inhibition The amygdala Neuroticism What do items measuring neuroticism look like What is it really measuring Measures of chronic anxiety depression excessive emotionality nervousness moodiness hostility vulnerability self consciousness and hypochondriasis Most generally described as a continuum from emotional instability to emotional stability NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY What is the neurotic cascade Understand the steps When it rains it pours hyperactivity differential exposure differential appraisal mood spillover sting of familiar problems failure to cope when old problems occur Is there scientific support for left brain right brain personality types Students with more activity in the right anterior region tend to score toward the BIS end students with more left anterior activity scored toward the BAS end of the behavioral scale Why is openness so controversial compared to the other Big 5 Less replicable across sample and cultures value of cultural matters political orientation creativity and perceptiveness approach to intellectual matter or basic intelligence intellectance Openness has interesting relationships with political orientation and authoritarianism Be able to explain them Don t know if O is a good or bad thing intellectual daring may be intellectual recklessness or broad mindedness may be lack of conviction depends where you stand Authoritarianism and O commonality is an intolerance for ambiguity What types of coping strategies are most likely to be used by people high in E N or O What types of coping mechanisms are associated with longer term positive outcomes Extraversion positive thinking substitution Neuroticism self blame withdrawal wishful thinking escapism Openness Fait negatively correlated with O humor In general problem focused rather than emotion focused coping styles tend to lead to better outcomes Which is the trait employers care more about Conscientiousness or agreeableness Why Conscientiousness predicts job performance and absenteeism sued to select employees less biased than aptitude tests and highly correlated with integrity tests Both C A are associated with positive outcomes Which types of people are more successful in life and in love Agreeableness cooperative and easy to get along with smoke less among children related to less vulnerability of being bullied life outcomes psychologically well adjusted healthy heart dating satisfaction Conscientiousness predicts longer life expectancy predicts success in college positively correlated with years of schooling motivation Where does Eysenck s traditional trait of psychoticism fit into the modern Big 5 scheme Psychotism refers to tendency toward psychopathy and psychosis incorporates very low levels of A and C irresponsible non conforming cruel and aggressive Chapter 6 Continuity and Change in Traits The Roles of Genes Environments and Time What is the difference between absolute and differential continuity How are these measured typically used Absolute Continuity when taking the MBTI Dr Ed consistently scores high in extraversion isn t measured as often Differential Continuity Dr Ed
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