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Overview of Exam 1:A. 35-45 Multiple Choice Questions. B. Should take roughly 45 minutes to complete, but you have the full time (and I’ll stay slightly longer too: time is not an issue). C. Questions will be based primarily on information in the lecture slides & in-class lecture. For studying purposes, start with this outline and the slides. The readings are probably best used as a reference when something from your notes or the slides is unclear, or when you want to add a bit more depth to your understanding of a concept or finding. D. If a topic or term is not on the outline below, it will NOT be on the exam.E. I will ask you to know some of the key findings from research studies we’ve discussed in the lectures. – do we have to know the names of researchers?Topic Outline for Exam 1Intro to Personality Science: Ch. 1 & 8/28 lectureThe value of being able to infer others’ traits & states to predict their behavior (in inanimate objects) – so easily and automatically – a cognitive mistake to help us empathizePrediction – about the environment and other people – it is incredibly adaptively valuable to be motivated and able to quickly infer people’s states and traits so we can predict how they might behave/respondSocial Brain Hypothesis – an example of this – aka Machiavellian Intelligence – Robert Dunbar made the argument that states that the evolution of intelligence corresponds closely to how many people you need to live and interact with (bigger groups = bigger brains). You have to be strategic, be a good planner, have a good memory, and know relationships. This corresponds to animals as well.Studies of “thin slices” of personality perception – we are pretty good “personality detectors” most of the time, even with little info. Ex: Ambady & Rosenthal videotaped 13 college professors teaching. Correlation between ratings of the clip and actual end-of-semester ratings were strong (.76). personality detectors: body language, facial expressions, animation, etc. but we can infer traits from still faces alone.Biases in impression formation (HSNDN) – 3 traits that are central to our first impressions and formed automatically, even if distracted: warmth/agreeableness (do they want to harm us), trustworthiness (is their warmth level honest), and competence (do they have the ability to act on their intentions). HOWEVER, our intuitive inference system (“personality detectors”) cause us to make predictable mistakes/biases in impression formation, which is why we study personality scientifically:Halo effect – (the Lucifer effect) – the tendency to assume predominantly positive (or negative) traits based on perceiving one or two positive (or negative) traits – assuming a general judgment based on a small piece of info. This is why we’re so likely to feel betrayal by someone we assumed to be really niceStereotyping & illusory correlations – the tendency to assume and perceive personality traits in an individual based on their social group membership(s) and then to pay greater attention to info that confirms the stereotype. Relates to self-fulfilling prophecy. Ex: Pygmalion in the Classroom (Rosenthal & Jacobson) - when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do; when teachers do not have such expectations, performance and growth are not so encouraged and may in fact be discouraged in a variety of ways.Negativity Bias – the tendency for impression formation to be more heavily influenced by negative trait information than positive trait informationDispositional Bias – aka Fundamental Attribution Error - the tendency to ignore situational determinants of others’ behaviors and attributing their actions to dispositional traits.Naïve Realism –the tendency to think we are uninfluenced by our surroundings. you believe that you have the most unbiased opinion, and that mistakes are everyone else’s problems. Ex: physical cleansing also brings about psychological cleansing.The Science Game – what causes one person to be calmer than another? Familiarity with the situation, the environment they were raised in, patience, wisdom, self control, etc.2 non-scientific (natural) ways of knowing – 1) we can consult our experience & intuition – what feels true and seems to have been true for me in the past? 2) we can consult tradition &authority – what does my culture believe to be true and what do trusted and knowledgeable people claim to be true?Empirical Evidence & Empirical Testing – empirical evidence: an observation or measurement that contributes to either verifying or falsifying a claim and that is independent of the observer (objective…everyone has access to it). Empirical testing: any situation or procedure that creates empirical evidence which allows a claim on truth to be verified or falsified.The golden rule & primary assumption of science – scientific claims (answers) must be subject to empirical tests that produce empirical evidence. If an object of study exists in nature, it is Knowable: in other words, it’s possible to fully define, describe, and explain even highly complex things, like brains, beliefs, time, and personality. The object of study is Lawful – if we could perfectly control all of the input variables, we could perfectly predict and control the outcome. These explanations need to PREDICT actual behavior:- define – the psycho-physiological systems that determine a person’s characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, & emotion.- describe – its component parts: genes & biology, traits, experiences & learning (esp in childhood), self-concepts, beliefs, values, and personal narratives, and social roles- explain – how and why these component parts operate as they do – systematic scientific testing looking at one piece at a time, like extraversion.Ch. 2 (Evolutionary Perspectives: 9/4 Lecture)Evolution 101 – We build up the big picture of personality incrementally over time because personality science is analytical. Therefore, the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection is a biological theory of life, its variety, and how it changes over time. It is NOT a theory of changes in geology, or the universe, or technology, or societies – ONLY biological life.Principles of Variation, Inheritance & Adaptation – the 3 principles of the Theory of Evolution. - Principle of Variation: organisms of different species and organisms within a particular species show variation in their


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FSU PPE 3003 - Overview of Exam 1

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