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Overview of Exam 3:A. 30-40 Multiple Choice Questions. B. Should take roughly 40 minutes to complete, but you have the full 2hrs (and I’ll stay slightly longer too: time is not an issue). C. Questions will be based primarily on information in the lecture slides & in-class lecture. For studying purposes, start with this outline and the slides. The readings are probably best used as a reference when something from your notes or the slides is unclear, or when you want to add a bit more depth to your understanding of a concept or finding. D. If a topic or term is not on the outline below, it will NOT be on the exam.E. I will ask you to know some of the key findings from research studies we’ve discussed in the lectures. Topic Outline for Exam2Attachment Theory: Ch2 & Ch8. & 11/14 Evolutionary Origins of Attachment Behavioral SystemHarlow’s studies- Infant Monkeys spent more time clinging to the Cloth surrogate than the Wire surrogate, regardless of which one gave milk- Infant Monkeys were more likely to run to the Cloth surrogate when frightened, regardless of which gave milkThe ABS- Bowlby & The Evolutionary Origins of the attachment behavioral system (ABS):o ABS activated in response to internal threat (pain) and external threat (fear stimuli) & functionally motivates young children to maintain proximity to parents.o Motivates two types of behaviors: Distress signaling (crying, verbalizing fears, visual cues) Proximity seeking (approaching, clinging, separation protests/anxiety)- “Satisfied” when the child experiences “felt security,” which includes a caregiver responding to their needs AND providing a safe haven.Attachment Theory Key ComponentsInternal Working Models (& implicit learning)- Through recurring activation of the ABS, children develop an implicit answer to the question: “Will you be there when I need you?”- The “answer” to this question in early relationships shape our internal working model, which includeso Beliefs about oneself (esp. one’s worthiness of love)o Beliefs about other people (esp. their reliability and trustworthiness)o Beliefs about how relationships in general work (esp. how people support and comfort each other)- Attachment style is a largely rational (or conditioned) response to environmental cues and experiences regarding caregiver’s responsiveness & availability o Ex: The Modified Marshmallow Experiment (Kidd et al., 2012)Self Views, Other Views, & Relationship modelsContinuity Hypothesis- Continuity Hypothesis: o Internalized Working Models in early childhood influence how adults come to view: Themselves (worthy or unworthy of love) Others (trustworthy or untrustworthy to provide love/support) Relationships (reliable vs. unreliable / safe vs. threatening)- Is there any evidence to suggest that this is true?o A Qualified “Yes” seems to be the answer- Evaluating the Continuity Hypothesiso Conclusion from multiple studies : Relative stability of attachment style (given relatively unchanging circumstances) at about a 70% concordance rateo Of those whose attachment style changed, 78% experienced a parental divorce, illness, or deathThe circle of security- The “Full Cup” Metaphor, aka Circle of SecurityAttachment styles, Their Causes, & How They are MeasuredSecure- In the SST, securely attached infants will:o Explore when their caregiver is presento Show signs of distress and explore less when their caregiver is absento Be unsuccessfully comforted by a strangero Show pleasure when the caregiver returns- Infants become securely attached to caregivers who:o Provide regular contact comforto Respond promptly and sensitively to distress signalso Provide Interactional Synchrony Engage in the same activity & w/ the same emotional stateAnxious/Ambivalent- In the SST, Anxious/Ambivalent attached infants are:o Highly avoidant of separationo Very wary of the stranger o Less likely to be consoled and calmed by a caregiver’s returningo May “punish” the caregiver for leaving by crying or acting aggressively- Infants become Anxiously attached to a caregiver whoo Inconsistently provides comfort and contacto Inconsistently expresses approval or disapprovalo Acts overprotective in most situations, reducing exploration- They’ve learned that connection is inconsistent and requires high intensity reactions and high-levels of monitoringAvoidant- In the SST, avoidantly attached infants will:o Show little or no distress upon the caregiver’s departureo Show little or no differentiated behavior toward the caregiver or the other adulto Show little or no pleasure when the caregiver returns- Infants become avoidantly attached to a caregiver who:o Shows little or no response to a distressed childo Discourages crying in an angry or annoyed mannero Avoids proximity- They’ve learned that connection and threat-reduction requires low intensity responses and/or self-soothing Attachment Style effects on Romantic Relationships (in the Erikson section on Intimacy too)- Consequences of Secure Attachmento Roughly 60-70% of children and adults score as having a secure attachment styleo Increased sociability, empathy, self-esteem and self-confidence in later childhood and adulthoodo Greater likelihood of believing in enduring romantic love as adultso Greater belief that one’s romantic partner is emotionally available and worthy of love, and that the self is available and worthy of love- Consequences of Avoidant Attachmento Roughly 20% of children & adults develop avoidant styleso A strong sense of self-reliance and a denial of any need or desire to form close relationships  Attachment Deactivating response to stresso Avoidance of intimacy, sharing, self-disclosure and emotional closeness Experience “gratitude” as a threatening emotion signaling indebtedness and dependencyo Greater likelihood of believing that romantic love is fleeting or fakeo “Recover” most quickly from break-ups- Consequences of Ambivalent/Anxious Attachmento Roughly 10 – 20% of adults and children develop an anxious / ambivalent attachment styleo High need of intimacy, approval, and responsiveness in adult romantic relationships (often falling in and out of love quickly)o Less trust of romantic partners, despite high levels of commitmento Highly defensive responses to perceived threats to the relationship (Relationship Hypervigilance)Erik Erikson’s Life Stages: Ch. 9, 11/19 LectureQuiz 7 According to Erikson, which of the


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FSU PPE 3003 - Overview of Exam 3

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