Overview of Exam 2:A. 40 Multiple Choice Questions. B. Should take roughly 45 minutes to complete, but you have the full time (and I’ll stay slightly longer if need be: time is not an issue). C. Questions will be based primarily on information in the lecture slides & in-class lecture. For studying purposes, start with this outline and the slides. The readings are probably best used as a reference when something from your notes or the slides is unclear, or when you want to add a bit more depth to your understanding of a concept or finding. D. If a topic or term is not on the outline below, it will NOT be on the exam.E. I will ask you to know some of the key findings from research studies we’ve discussed in the lectures.Topic Outline for Exam 2Psychoanalytic Perspectives: Ch7 & Tues 2-18Freudian Structure of the Psyche- Id (& unconscious): o The unruly, demanding, gratification-seeking, instinct-driven source of our psychic energy & our two primary driveso Submerged in the unconscious; the home of the instinctual impulses of sex and aggression and their derivative wishes, fantasies, and inclinations The unconscious is unconcerned with reality constraints and unreasonable Today, we call “unconscious” things like “implicit” or “automatic;” its realo Chaotic, seething cauldron that provides all the instinctual energy for mental lifeo Knows no inhibitions, obeys no logical or moral constraints, completely out of touch with the outside world of realityo Activity in the id is dictated by the pleasure principle (pleasure derives from the reduction of tension in the immediate gratification of impulses)o Driving force behind the primary process thinking (the loose, fluid, and irrational kind of thinking that we associate with dreaming; motivated by sexual and aggressive instincts)o Cannot function on id alone due to only wish and fantasy, it only finds satisfaction in hallucinatory wish fulfillment o Eros: The love instinct, earlier called the pleasure principle The drive for pleasure, sexual gratification, union, and life/self-preservation Sexuality and all other life instinctso Thanatos: Aggression and all other death instincts The drive for aggression, violence, pain-infliction and self-destruction Didn’t appear in Freud’s thinking until after WW1- Ego:o Is the negotiator of the demands of three “tyrants (id, superego, reality) reality of outside world (realistic anxiety), the id (neurotic anxiety), and the superego (moral anxiety)o Must navigate the external world to ensure self-preservation, and navigate the internal world to reduce psychological tension (i.e. anxiety, neuroses) o Borrows its energy from the id instincts, therefore, exists as the “handmaiden” to the id, working tirelessly to mediate between the blind demands of its master and the constraints imposed by logic and the external world o Helps ensure safety and self-preservation through the reality principle in conducting its affairs and by relying on the power of rational thought Reality principle: enables the individual to suspend immediate instinctual gratification until either an appropriate object or environmental condition arises that will satisfy the instincto Able to weigh the demands of the outside world and balance them with the needs and impulses expressed by the id, so to produce behaviors and modes of experience that best use the id’s raw energyo To do so, the ego is manifested as secondary process thinking (conscious, deliberate, and geared toward solving problems in a rational and realistic manner)o The ego manifests itself partly in certain conscious ways when the id is completely submerged in the unconscious (i.e. when a person functions as a rational and self-reflective decision maker during life challenges)o Significant aspects of ego are unconscious too, such as coping with conflicts in daily unconsciously through defense mechanismso Healthy personality development strives towards some ego-ideal Self that is able to continually satisfy the demands of the tyrants; but when coping breaks down we see pathological behavior- Superego:o Primitive internalized representation of the norms and values of society as acquired through identification with the parents (our conscious)o Tells ego what it should and shouldn’t be doingo Like an internalized authority that repeatedly tells the person what he or she should or should not be doing, as if the parent had been consumed and personified inside the selfo Strict and inflexible agent who insists on the renunciation or repression of the id’s instinctual demands (opposing point of views)o However, both are demanding and inflexible and are blind to constraints of the outside worldo Source of guilt (moral anxiety)Defense Mechanisms - An unconscious strategy of the ego that distorts reality in order to lessen anxiety- Deals with conflicts between the three tyrants that creates anxiety (neuroses) for the ego- Can sometimes deal with anxiety/conflict in healthy ways:- Wish Fulfillmento Expressing and satisfying desires through imagination and fantasyo Ex: dreams, paintings, myths, stories, daydreaming (express and satisfy unconscious desires)o Fantasy Realization Theory When people contrast their fantasies about a desired future with reflections on present reality, a necessity to act is induced that leads to the activation and use of relevant expectations- Sublimationo Channeling desires into more socially acceptable and reality appropriate avenueso Ex: sports sublimate thanatos; friends, lovers, and pets sublimate eros; - Displacement (like temporary & thus less permanent sublimation)o Temporary shifting the impulse to a more appropriate or accessible object/other (from threatening to non-threatening)o Ex: anger at boss because of demotion causes the businessman to go home and argue with wife; desire for mother comfort turns into attachment to blanket- Projectiono Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts and desires to someone elseo Ex: a man preoccupied with doubts about his sexuality often accuses others of being gay; I don’t hate him, he hates me; thinks girlfriend thinks about cheating, therefore, it’s okay to think about cheating too- Repressiono Suppress, deny, ignore, or actively forget some anxiety-inducing event or desire o A dangerous impulse is actively and totally excluded from consciousness o If tension isn’t resolved it can manifest into neurotic ways Free-association therapy
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