PPE 3003 1st EditionExam 4 Study Guide: Lectures: 12-14Lecture 121.Know the three parts of the mind (from a psychoanalytic perspective) and be able to describe each.The three parts of the mind include conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The conscious includes thoughts, feelings, and images that you are aware of. The preconscious is information you are not thinking about all of the time, but can easily be made conscious. The unconscious is hidden “unacceptable” thoughts, memories, or feelings. 2.Be able to define “psychic determinism”.Psychic determinism believes all behavior and thoughts are an expression of the mind and that nothing happens by accident or by chance. 3.Know why Freudian slips occur (according to psychoanalytic theory) and be able to recognize examples4.Be able to describe the id, ego, and superego.Freud believes psychic energy is directed by the id, ego, and superego. The id is the pleasure principle, the ego is the reality principle, and superego is the mortality/values principle. 5.Be able to list and describe the stages of psychosexual development.According to Freud, children go through three stages where they encounter a conflict regarding sexual gratification and how they deal with this conflict (solve or unresolved) forms the basis of personality. The first stage is the Oral stage. This occurs from the time of birth to about 18 months and the source of pleasure is from the mouth. The conflict involves weaning off of feeding from the breast or bottle. There are issues from excessive pleasure from these feedings and the child has to overcome the fear of abandonment. If not resolved, there can be fixations later, such as smoking, overeating, and being overly dependent. The next step is the Anal stage. This stage occurs from 18 months to 3 years and the source of pleasure is from the anus. The conflict regards toilettraining. This is the first big responsibility that children are given and they must come to terms with how to exercise the right amount of control. The fixation can include overly neat and controlling, or being impulsive and messy. The Phallic stage is the next stage and occurs from 3 years to 5 years. The source of pleasure is the genitals. The conflict is the Oedipal complex for boys and Electra complex for girls. According to Freud, little boys desired to have their mother all to themselves. Little girls have penis envy and wanttheir fathers to themselves. If this conflict is not resolved, there is a lack of moral development. The next stage is the latency stage. It lasts from 6 years to puberty. This is the time where children enter school and there is not much psychological development. The final stage is the Genital stage is from puberty and occurs through the end of life. This stage is only reached after resolving all of the conflicts of the other stages.6.Know and be able to recognize examples of the defense mechanisms discussed in class.The defense mechanisms that were in the lecture include denial, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation. Denial is refusing to acknowledge anxiety-provoking facts. For example, someone who was dumped might say, “No, I didn’t get dumped, it was a mutual breakup.” Displacement is channeling a troublesome impulse to a nonthreatening target. For example, if you are mad at your boss, you come home and take it out on your children, who in turn, take it out on the dog. Rationalization is generating acceptable reasons for undesirable behavior. For example, “It is okay to steal from Wal-Mart, it is an evil company.” Reaction formation is attempting to stifle the expression of an undesirable urge by acting the exact opposite way, such as killing with kindness. Projection is noticing and disparaging a person for having an undesirable trait that oneself has. For example, a narcissist says “That person is so self-obsessed-what a jerk.” Sublimation is channeling unacceptable urges into acceptable outlets, such as working out when you are really angry. 7.Know the two criteria that Freud used to judge whether an adult developed successfully.The two criteria Freud used were productivity and satisfying relationships. His theories were broad in scope, some way they were unscientific since he only used case studies, and his idea led to many advances in modern psychology. Lecture 131. Know the 5 ideas behind modern psychoanalysis.The five ideas include: the unconscious is important, behavior reflects conflict between desires and fears, a lot for personality development happens in childhood, how we see self and others guides interactions, and development is learning how to get alone with others. 2. Know and understand the processes that can lead to false memories.The process that helps create false memories includes using leading questions, imagination inflation effect, and confirmatory bias. A leading question is where the therapist phrases questions in a way that leads the client to the therapists desired answer. For example, if the psychoanalyst thinks a client’s adult issues stem from childhood, he would ask biased questions that will lead to one direction versus another. It would encourage the client to think of a time that they were abused, even if they werenot. The imagination inflation effect is the idea that if you imagine something has happened then in the future you will believe it really did happen. This can be true for dreams, as well. Confirmatory bias is where if you think something of someone else you will try to find evidence that support it and ignore evidence that goes against it. We seekinformation for ideas we already think to confirm it. 3. Understand the studies on priming that were discussed in class.Psychologist John Bargh researched priming. This is where participants were exposed to certain words or ideas to see if they affect them later. In the elderly study, theparticipants were assigned to one of two priming word groups, either with words that had to do with old people or neutral words. This study found that those primed with elderly words walked slower to the elevator than the neutral group, and had their backs slouched more and worse posture. 4. Know the roles of the ego.Erikson believed that the ego is a powerful and independent part of personality. The roles of the ego are to master the environment, achieve goals, and establish identity.5. Know Erikson’s 8 stages of development and the questions that accompany each
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