PPE 3003 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Three Mechanisms of Personality X Social Situation Interaction II. Selection: Romantic PartnersIII. Selection: Shyness and Risk IV. EvocationV. Evocation: Aggression and Hostility VI. Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation VII. Manipulation Tactics VIII. Personality Predictors of Manipulation Tactics IX. Machiavellianism Outline of Current Lecture I. Sex versus Gender II. Issues Regarding Sex Differences III. Sex Difference Research IV. Stereotypes about Sex DifferencesV. Observed Sex Differences VI. Possible Reasons for Sex Difference Current LectureA. Sex versus Gendera. Sexi. Based on biologyb. Genderi. Based on the behavioral, cultural. And psychological characteristics that are associated with one sexB. Issues Regarding Sex Differencesa. We will be taking a descriptive rather than prescriptive approachb. The study of sex differences can be controversial i. Data used to support political agendas or inequality C. Sex Difference Research a. Meta-analysis b. Effect size i. Standard deviation units ii. Effect size (d) 1. .20a. Small2. .50a. Medium3. .80a. Large4. + d: men higher5. – d: women higher D. Stereotypes about Sex Differencesa. What are some common stereotypes about sex differences?b. Three components of gender stereotypes i. Cognitive ii. Affective iii. Behavioral c. People believe in subtypes of men and women i. Eg: “career woman” vs “soccer mom”E. Observed Sex Differencesa. Big Fivei. Extraversion, not much difference (d= 0.15), but men were found to be more assertive (d= 0.50)ii. Agreeableness, women are more agreeable (d= -0.32)1. Men are more aggressive (d= 0.84)iii. Conscientiousness, not much difference (d= -0.14)iv. Emotional stability (neuroticism), women tend to be more neurotic (d= -0.49) 1. Women tend to experience emotions more frequently and more intensely than menv. Intellect-Openness to Experience, almost no difference (d= -0.07) b. Differences in attitudes toward sexi. Men find casual sex more appealing than womenii. Men desire a larger number of sex partnersiii. Men tend to be more sexually aggressive F. Possible Reasons for Sex Differencesa. Socialization Theoriesi. Boys are encouraged to be masculine and girls are encouraged to be feminineii. Bandura’s social learning theory1. Children learn from models of their own sexiii. Eagly and Wood’s social role theory1. Men and women are distributed differently in family and occupational roles b. Hormonal Theoriesi. Sex differences in personality are due to hormonal differencesii. Men and women do differ in testosterone levels1. Linked with aggression, dominance, sexual motivation, and career choice iii. Girls with an overactive adrenal gland in the womb tend to be more masculine 1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; CAH)iv. Direction of causality? c. Evolutionary Theoriesi. Men and women’s personalities differ to the extent that they face different adaptive problems1. Parental investment2. Number of male versus female ancestors d. Integrated approachi. Incorporates ideas from different
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