PPE3003 Exam 3 Cognitive Topics in Personality o Perception o Interpretation o Goals and beliefs Field dependence independence o Field independent f Ind Cognitive behavior studied by personality psychologists Focus in on details Context independent don t rely on context rely on internal cues Better at screening out distracting info More interpersonally detached less eye contact etc o Field dependent f Dep o Pay attention to multiple sources of info o Context dependent o Oriented towards others Ways to measure field dependence o Rod and Frame Test RFT align a rod within these frames so that the rod is vertical o Embedded Figures Test EFT find shapes in a larger design Ex Find the animals within the picture field independent people find the animals more easily Reducer Augmenter theory o Individual differences in pain tolerance o Augmenter o Reducer Low pain tolerance Nervous system amplifies subjective impact of sensory input More emotional distress Estimate longer High pain tolerance Nervous system reduces impact Estimate shorter Seek stronger stimulation may use substances to change arousal level Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect KFA o Estimate the length of a block by feeling it Errors an augmenter would make estimate longer Errors a reducer would make estimate shorter Kelly s Personal Construct theory o People want to understand predict and control events o Personal constructs are used to 1 PPE3003 Exam 3 Interpret and predict social events behaviors Categorize people Locus of control LoC interpretation of responsibility for events o Internal LoC you control and are responsible for major life outcomes o External LoC you are not in control other people decide what happens to you Learned helplessness tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we cannot control o Seligman s dog studies dogs chained to shocking floor would learn not to move and accept the shocking Explanatory style how people explain causes of events attributions I got turned down for that date because o External or internal External it s something someone else s fault ex Because I m just not their type Internal it s my fault ex Because I m a horrible person Stable it will never change Unstable it can always change ex It s because of my bad haircut o Stable or unstable o Global or specific Global I am terrible at everything I m bad at every social interaction and no one will ever want to be my friend Specific I am bad at this particular task I am bad at talking to guys but I m good at same sex friendships Personal Projects Analysis o You can use people s perception of their goals as a measure of personality o People high on neuroticism Rate projects as stressful likely to end in failure outside of their control o Perception of goals is related to happiness Completing projects leads to life satisfaction Different views of intelligence o Achievement how much someone knows relative to others o Aptitude how easy it is for someone to learn relative to others Entity theorists fixed mindset intelligence is unchangeable Incremental theorists growth mindset intelligence is changeable Range of convenience Kelly s concept of the extent to which a given personal construct is likely to guide a person s interpretation of events and the behavior he or she is likely to show Cognitive styles people s characteristic and typically preferred modes of processing information 2 PPE3003 Exam 3 Integrative complexity the extent to which a person sees and interprets events in differentiated and integrated ways Depressive schemas distort reality by casting information in a negative light o Recall more negative and unpleasant adjectives in memory tasks than do nondepressed people o Have a difficult time recalling positive themes from stories o Remember failures and forget successes Emotions Narratives Emotional states and traits o States are transitory temporary Generally caused by the situation Emotion how you feel right now o Traits are patterns of behavior Generally caused by something within the individual Emotion how you usually feel Two main individual differences in emotional reactions o Differences in content o Differences in style How easily an emotion can be elicited e g anger Intensity Two ways to define happiness o Judgment that life is satisfying self report questionnaire o More positive than negative emotions Physiological measures dopamine self report longitudinal study measuring experience satisfaction with life scale Happiness scores correlate with positive life outcomes o Higher income o Higher quality marriages o Longer life 7 5 years on average o Less abusive and hostile o More helpful creative energetic trusting Reciprocal causality Happiness positive outcomes Happiness o Measures of happiness correlate with social desirability scores Positive illusions important to happiness Inflated view of self as good able desirable o What causes people to say they are happy Intensity of happy emotions OR frequency of happy emotions People in bad moods tell the truth o Differentiate between strong and weak arguments 3 PPE3003 Exam 3 o Value quality of argument vs source o Less likely to rely on stereotypes heuristics mental shortcuts Affect Intensity it so much o High intensity feelings of intense emotion o Low intensity experience emotions in a more subtle level may not show People high in affect intensity Experience more fluctuations in moods Are more influenced by their moods Have more physical symptoms muscle fatigue headaches Paradigmatic mode of thought understand reality through tightly reasoned analyses propositional logic and cause and affect relationships in the physiochemical world Narrative mode of thought make sense of experience through stories supernatural superstition Pennebaker studies o Assigned to write about either traumatic event or about something trivial o Write at home for four nights in a row about their specific event o Measured physical health 6 months later o Highest physical health facts and feelings group Tomkins Script Theory Freud o Affects emotions motivate human behavior not the unconscious o Amplify drives by giving them motivational power o Believed people were playwrights all living in their own personal dramas Script vs scene Affects determine short term importance of scene Scene is a memory of a specific event o Script is a set of rules for organizing scenes Types of scripts o Investment in some positive change o Commitment script o Nuclear script Confusion about goals Positive scene turns
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