Study Guide for Exam 3 General Psychology Learning Behaviorism Associative Learning learning that certain events occur together o Hume and Locke realized that people would associate ideas together when they repeatedly followed the same ideas o We learn things in serial Ivan Pavlov classical conditioning o 1940 Nobel prize o initiatively interested in digestive tendencies of dogs and salivation o dog then began to salivate before the sight of the food seeing the dish hearing the footsteps o Did not consider himself a psychologist o Any stimulus an organism can perceive is capable of eliciting any reaction an organism is capable of making Any sound sight or smell can influence the way our moods fluctuate even how our attitudes are formed B F Skinner failed as a writer o Followed Watson as the leader of behaviorism o Used Thorndike s ideas for operant conditioning o the strengthening of behavior which results from reinforcement is appropriately called conditioning In operant conditioning we strengthen an operant in the sense of making a response more probable or in actual fact more frequent John Watson behaviorism o Popularized classical conditioning in people o Very successful in advertising using cc principles o Was fired because of a sex scandal involving his assistant o His career then shifter to the advertising business o Give me a dozen healthy infants well formed and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor lawyer artist merchant chief and yes even beggar man and thief regardless of his talents penchants tendencies abilities vocations or race Edward Thorndike Law of Effect rewarded behavior is likely to occur o Cat puzzle boxes o Trial and error o Skinner followed his work which lead to operant conditioning Classical Conditioning watch video on slide 8 Learning power point for more clarification if needed o Neutral stimulus phone quack o Unconditioned stimulus getting hit in the head with a dart o Unconditioned response head movement covering head o Conditioned stimulus phone quack o Conditioned response head movement covering head o Last year the vet cleaned my dog s skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that my dog currently becomes fearful every time he smells rubbing alcohol Operant Conditioning why do the behavior in the first place o By accident Thorndike s work o Through prompting and shaping Reinforcement is used to gradually guide an animal or person Reinforcement and punishment require a behavior so the toward a specific behavior consequence can follow it o Because Sam was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords he no longer does so Samuel s behavior change best illustrates what type of learning Operant conditioning Positive punishment Observational Conditioning Bandura o Albert Bandura o Bobo Doll experiment experiment demonstrates how specific behaviors can be learned through observation and imitation the violent behavior of the adult models toward the dolls led children to believe that such actions were acceptable He also suggested that as a result children may be more inclined to respond to frustration with aggression in the future Neutral Stimulus NS the stimulus that originally elicits no response Unconditioned Stimulus UCS stimulus that automatically produces a response Unconditioned Response UCR automatic response to stimulus Conditioned Stimulus CS originally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a Conditioned Response CR learned response to previously neutral stimulus Extinction is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the Spontaneous Recovery a phenomenon of learning and memory which was first seen in classical Pavlovian conditioning and refers to the re emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay Generalization the act or process of making a different but similar response to the same stimulus Experimental Neurosis Black Box in Behaviorism o Food o Salivation o Unlearned natural conditioned response o Tone o Originally irrelevant o salivation behavior is not reinforced o Pre and post behaviorism Lets think about this o Behaviorist ideals nobody knows and why should we care Law of Effect refer to Thorndike Skinner Box Operant Conditioning Chamber o Chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforce o Contains devices to record responses o Goal is to SHAPE behavior o Shaping reinforcers help to mold behavior in the desired direction Continuous Reinforcement a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response desired response is followed by the reinforcer Lab example each time a rat presses a bar it gets a pellet of food Intermittent Reinforcement is when rules rewards or personal boundaries are handed out or enforced inconsistently and occasionally This usually encourages another person to keep pushing until they get what they want from you without changing their own behavior Positive Reinforcement o Getting something positive for behavior increases behavior Apply stimulus increase behavior o You check the coin return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter You find yourself checking other telephones over the next few days Negative Reinforcement asprin o Taking away something negative headache in creases behavior taking Take away stimulus increase behavior o A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain 90 attendance during the quarter His students attendance increases dramatically Positive Punishment o Getting something negative for behavior reduces behavior Apply a stimulus decrease behavior o Your friends bring you home a box of chicken wings from a restaurant in town because they tell you they had leftovers and you can have them After you eat one you realize they are covered in ghost pepper sauce and you quickly feel horrible You learn to never eat food that your friends give you Negative Punishment o Taking away something positive for behavior reduces behavior Take away a stimulus decrease behavior o You associate the consequence with your behavior and you are less likely to park your car in a tow zone in the future Fixed Ratio o Rat gets rewarded every n responses o Bonus for every 5 cars sold Variable Ratio o Pallet given after an average of n
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