Psychology Exam 4 Study Guide Chapters 13 14 15 and 16 Social Psychology Chapter 13 Social Psychology the scientific study of how people influence each other A three themes 1 think about social thinking 2 influence social influence 3 relate social relations A 2 kinds of attribution 1 personal 2 situational Attribution theory a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of be havior Fundamental Attribution Error the tendency to overestimate the effect of dispositional influ ences on other people s behavior involves underestimating situational influences affects our analysis of behavior Attitude belief that includes an emotional component may predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects people and events attitudes can affect actions foot in the door phenomenon the tendency for people who first agree to a small re cognitive dissonance theory unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from quest to comply later with a larger request door in the face is the opposite two conflicting thoughts or beliefs or actions Conformity a tendency to alter one s thinking or behavior in response to group pressure A Experiments 1 Solomon Asch a line study had everyone in the room lie and see how the other person re acted 1 measured if the person went with what they believed or conformed 37 conformed 2 Stanley Milgram b found that people are susceptible to social influence a interested in conformity to authority obedience B Influence 1 Social Influence change in a belief attitude or overt behavior caused by real or imagined pressure from other a normative social influence people conform because they fear social rejection or to gain social approval b informational social influence people conform because they accept the opin ion of others Obedience behavior following the rules or instructions from those of higher authority A Stanley Milgram experiment B Influences on Obedience 1 authority of experimenter 2 location of experimenter closer 3 location of victim the closer the person you re shocking the less you want to shock them 4 presence of other disobedient peers a consider cases of civil disobedience b Ghandi MLK Rosa Parks etc 1 Group Influence II Social Facilitation enhanced performance on easy tasks in the presence of others A Triplett 1898 observed track cyclists and noticed that performances were faster when in competition compared with being paced alone III Social Loafing the tendency of people to become less productive in groups IV Deindividuation the tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual identity A Stanford Prison Study example 1 feeling of anonymity and less personal responsibility 2 wearing masks and concealing identity leads to deindividuation held by individual members V Group Polarization tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant position Prejudice a usually negative conclusion drawn about a person group of people or situa tion prior to evaluating the evidence a generalized belief about a group of people 20 truth to a stereotype Attraction A stereotype A factors 1 proximity mere exposure effect 2 similarity common attitudes beliefs and interests Altruism helping others for unselfish reasons Bystander Effect tendency of any given person to be less likely to help if other bystanders are present Personality Chapter 14 Personality characteristic patterns of thinking feeling and behaving Structure of Personality II Id the most primitive part of personality III Ego our largely conscious self IV Superego represents internalized rules and ideals pressed upon us Psychosexual Stages 1 Oral stage A mouth related pleasure B wanting food A bowel and bladder related pleasure A genital related pleasure A sexual feelings are presumed to be dormant A maturation of sexual interests V Anal stage VI Phallic stage tension between illicit sexual desire and civilization s approved sexuality VII Latency stage VIII Genital stage Defense Mechanism the ego s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously dis torting reality Trait a relatively stable predisposition to feel and act in a certain way A five factory theory ness Neuroticism 1 groups all personality traits into five broad categories 2 OCEAN Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeable B to consolidate traits researchers group them into factors by factor analysis Social Cognitive Theory individuals and their situations always work together II Personality is strongly influenced by our sense of personal control A External Locus of Control the environment is controlling me B Internal Locus of Control I m controlling the environment III Self control an ability to control impulses and delay gratification 2 IV Learned Helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human A Example The Marshmallow Test learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events A May cause distress Psychology Disorders Chapter 15 Abnormal different from the norm Dysfunction impairs one s ability to get along in life Anxiety Disorder continually tense and uneasy even in the absence of any specific anxiety provoking stimulus A Panic Disorder panic attacks intense fear 1 2 chest pain 3 difficult time breathing 1 1 CBT B Phobias C Treatment intense fear of a particular animal object or situation a Key concept in treatment is exposure OCD recurrent and persistent distress causing thoughts A Common Types 1 contamination 2 repeated doubts 3 need for symmetry orderliness 4 aggressive impulses 5 sexual imagery A Major Depressive Disorder 1 Behavior Model 2 Cognitive Model 3 Treatment a Cause lack of social support a Cause negative thoughts yield negative moods a CBT b interpersonal psychotherapy c Antidepressant medication SSRI S B Bipolar Disorder alternating between depression and mania Treatments Chapter 16 Psychoanalysis A Aims to release energy allocated to id ego superego conflicts B Methods PTSD post traumatic stress disorder Exposed to a traumatic event and reacted with intense fear helplessness or horror Mood Disorders impairing disturbance in mood 1 Free Association saying aloud whatever comes to mind pauses reveal points of 2 Dream Analysis finding unconscious conflicts by interpreting the censored mean resistance ing of dreams Behavior Therapies C Interpretations are highly subjective inaccurate A Assumption Maladaptive behaviors must be directly confronted B Counter conditioning techniques exposure therapies 1 maladaptive thoughts maladaptive
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