Study Guide for Exam 2 General Psychology CH 8 Human Memory CH 9 Thinking Language Ch 12 Emotions Stress Instructions Key concepts and ideas will be listed below This will cover the majority of the material that you will be tested on Most of this material will have been covered in lecture Material from the book may also appear on the exam However understand that this study guide may not contain every concept that you ll need to know for the exam and it will be necessary to review the readings and your notes Chapter 8 Human Memory Know the importance of these key concepts and people in the history of Human Memory Most of these overlap with the identification questions below It may help to answer the questions that apply to these terms at the same time Encoding input processing information into the system Encoding can be Declared The classic conception of processing Non Declared Memories that we are not focusing on remembering but just remember Random strings of letters Phone numbers Definitions to words Concepts in a psychology book People s names Occur in hippocampus Also occurs in the hippocampus Ex priming and conditioning Other examples Space When studying from the textbook you may remember what place on the page certain things were When parking your car you may think of the area it was parked in Time occurred before another Frequency Your memory keeps track of the time in which events You can make claims such as one event occurred You keep track of the amount of times something occurs in a time period Storage Retaining information in the brain Retrieval Output Getting information out of storage Atkinson Shiffrin s memory model From 1968 Baddeley s memory model Tripartite working memory model An elaboration of short term memory focusing on working with information processing Working memory all about the central executive Highlighting what is in STM short term memory and processing it This model showcases volitional deliberate control as opposed to Atkinson s and Shiffrin s memory model Hermann Ebbinghaus First experimental research about memory 1879 1st psych lab started At the same time and year Ebbinghaus was doing research in memory Created trigrams nonsence syllables 3 letter combinations Made lists of 7 12 16 or 24 in a list His interest was what patterns would he find in memory What he found out Then he would memorize a great number of these lists on any given day o Rehearsal matters Repeating information leads to better memory of an event o More repetitions equated to less time to relearn the list later o o The importance of spacing in learning People play an important part in how well they remember information Those who learn quickly forget quickly Ebbinghaus 1885 When learning the lists spacing study over time led to more effective recall Serial Position Effect A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item s position within a study list Primacy Information in a list tend to be memorized at a greater level at the beginning of a list From the example in class where a new word appears every second After all 8 words were shown you were asked to recite the words The first couple of words people will try to recite in their heads adding to the mental list and repeating it This is rehearsing After a couple of words it becomes too much and they will remember the ones that they rehearsed Recency there is better memory for words that are at the end of a word list because they were the last ones the person heard From the same example in class The words that were most remembered were from the beginning primacy and end recency SAID IN CLASS WAS IMPORTANT bf or gf sent you to the store and gave a list to you w o writing it down you would remember the first and last items if you went that day If you went to the grocery store the next day you would only remember the first couple the ones that you rehearsed Rehearsal matters Chunking Organizing items into familiar manageable units Ex horizontal organization 1776149218121941 What do these numbers mean to you Nothing Let s look again 1776 1492 1812 1941 Above is chunking Helpful for remember This is the way that phone numbers a grouped Chunking helps us remember things Mnemonics memory aids techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices Use of acronyms Example SOHCAHTOAH for trigonometry Hierarchies Dividing knowledge into further categories to increase memory organization Exmaple 3 Eras in Psych Mental Life Behaviorism Cognitive Revolution Intro Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 4 Ch 3 Ch 8 Ch 10 Ch 12 Exam 1 Exam 2 Exam 3 Exam 4 General Psychology Sensory Memory Made up of Iconic and Echoic memory The information from your senses eyes and ears General PsychologyExam 1Intro3 Eras in Psych Mental LifeBehaviorismCognitive RevolutionCh 1Ch 2 Ch 4Exam 2Ch 3Ch 8Exam 3Ch 10Exam 4Ch 12 Iconic Memory Visual information that is stored in the brain for 0 2 to 0 4 seconds The length of time it is stored is critical If it were stored for a shorter period of time images would be disconnected If it were stored longer images would be blurry But because of how long it is kept we get a smooth flow fluid motion our brain is filling in that gap Echoic Memory Temporary auditory memories often formed without attending to the source Auditory echoes may linger for 3 to 4 seconds About the length of an average sentence George Miller s 7 2 The number of words numbers a person can remember Short term memory has longer retention than sensory memory If we want to keep things we just heard we will have to pay attention to them We can get them to our short term memory and we have longer retention o About 20 to 30 seconds Limited in how much it can store limited in duration and capacity The recency effect would say that we have the first four that is in our memory and the last three or 5 are lingering there thus the 7 2 Researchers started thinking about it and said that our absolute capacity should be four When the person was unable to rehearse there were only able to recall 4 numbers Implicit Memory Retention without conscious recollection Motor and cognitive skills Dispositions conditioning Priming The Cerebellum Important for implicit processing them In long term memories memories that we know we have but are unable to talk about Explicit Memory in long term memory Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare One can consciously know
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