Study Guide for Exam 4: General Psychology Ch. 13 Personality, Ch. 15 Abnormal PsychologyInstructions: Key concepts and ideas will be listed below. This will cover the majority of the material that you will be tested on. Most of this material will have been covered in lecture. Material from the book may also appear on the exam. However, understand that this study guide may not contain every concept that you’ll need to know for the exam andit will be necessary to review the readings and your notes.CH. 13 PersonalityNomothetic - Approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individualsIdiographic - Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person.Psychoanalysis – Assumes three things when analyzing personality: physic determinism,symbolic meaning(everything has an underlying meaning), and unconscious motivation. (Sex and unconscious processes) Psychic Determinism (not in textbook, find in slides) - All psychological events have acause. Actions are not free. We are at the whim of inner forcesUnconscious Motivation - The majority of motivation lies beneath the surface (like an iceberg; freud thinks these motivations are often negative influences and sexual)Id - the impulse – infant or person who is excessively impulsive. Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.Ego – the mediator/ decision makerSuperego – morality/ the parent.Freud’s Personality Structure - Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between id and superego. (the iceberg; ego, small above surface, ID largest part, below surface. Superego, inbetween below surface.Free Association – Freud used this as was a means of tapping into the unconscious – by leading what the person is saying, he thought that he could get from the associated comment into their unconscious thoughtStages of psychosexual development – Oral fixation (0-18 mon) (nipple sucking) - fixation would be cigarettesAnal fixation(18-36 mon) – toilet training – obsessed with control Phallic (3-6) – becoming sexual; coping with incest feelings – fixation would be sexual fixation Latency (6 to puberty) – sex crazy takes a break Genital (puberty onwards) – sexually becoming mature and interacting sexuallyNeo-Freudians – people that accepted freud’s basic ideas of personality but did not see sexuality as a driving force, had increased optimism about life and personality change.Alfred Adler – Neo-Freudian. Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power.Karen Horney – Neo-Freudian. Believed childhood social tensions are crucial for personality formation. Said childhood anxiety, caused by senses of helplessness triggers our desires for love and security. Countered Freud’s view that women have weak super egos and penis envy. Erik Erikson – Proposed a theory of personality development throughout the lifetime. Titled his theory psychosocial development.Agreed with freud’s unconcscious but said there is more there than repressed thoughts and feelings and more than just sexual drives. Carl Jung - Jung agreed with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the "personal unconscious", but he also proposed the existence of a second, far deeper form of the unconscious underlying the personal one. This was the collective unconscious, where the archetypes themselves resided, represented in mythology by a lake or other body of water, and in some cases a jug or other container. Freud had actually mentioned a collective level of psychic functioning but saw it primarily as an appendix to the rest of the psyche.Projective tests - tests- designed to trigger internal stimuli of ones internal dynamics…. Used to glean information about personality. Meant to reveal things about the unconscious mind ( ex: Rorschach tests)Radical Behaviorism - Free will is an illusion, Personality consists of behaviors, Personality is “outside of us, Unconscious views differed from Freud. “I did not direct my life. I didn't design it. I never made decisions. Things always came up and made them for me.That's what life is.” (Determinism and too little emphasis on thought)Black Cognition Box of– InputBlack BoxOutput: Nobody knows, so why should we care?Social Cognitive theory - theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality • Conditioning depends on thought • Observational learning important• Locus of ControlLocus of Control (external) - “I’m controlled by my environment.”Locus of Control (internal) - “I’m able to control my environment.”Personality is strongly influenced by our sense of personal control.Learned Helplessness – When repeatedly faced with traumatic events over which they have no control, people and animals come to feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.Humanism – focuses on the way ‘healthy’ people strive for self-determination and self-realization (Personal views and optimism and too little on empirical findings)Abraham Maslow – developed his ideas by studying healthy, creative people rather thantroubled clinical studies. Carl Rogers – believed people were basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. Believed growth-promoting climate required genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs - People are motivated to satisfy basic requirements and then strive to achieve self – actualization (basic needs include physiological and safety needs)Self-Actualization – the process of fulfilling out potential Conditions of Worth Trait - People’s Characteristic behaviors and conscious motives16 factor theory- (Too complex of a model) five factor theory- (Most widely used and talked about)three factor model- (Emerging model. Too limited)Factor analysis - Analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measuresThe big five factors (know what each of them are) – Conscientiousness, Agreeableness Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion Basic tendencies versus characteristic adaptations: underlying personality traits vs. behavioral manifestations(intense loyalty and devotion to social causes). Steal,
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