General Psychology ReviewChapter 15- Diathesis-Stress Modelo Genetic predisposition on mental disorderso Take into account 2 factors Stress Genetic predispositions- Bio-Psycho-Social modelo Biological, Psychological, and Social influences all factor intoPsychological disorders- Factors associated with the Interpersonal theory of Suicideo Interpersonal theory of Suicide-3 simultaneous factors are needed for an individual to commit suicide Thwarted belongingness Perceived Burdensomeness Capability for suicideChapter 16- Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapyo Psychodynamic therapy-focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in a person’s present behavioro Psychoanalytic therapy- psychoanalytic therapists generallyspend time listening to patients talk about their lives- Humanistic therapieso Therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positiveChapters 1 & 2- William Jameso Founder of psychologyo Functionalism- Freudo Psychoanalysis- Skinnero Behaviorism- Watsono One of the founders of behaviorism- Six Principles of scientific thinkingo Ruling out rival hypotheseso Correlation vs. Causationo Falsifiabilityo Replicabilityo Extraordinary claimso Occam’s Razor- Confirmation Biaso Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesisand neglect or distort contradicting evidence- Applied vs. Basic researcho Applied research- Research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problemso Basic Research-research examining how the mind works- The different scientific methodso Naturalistic Observationo Case study designso Self report measures and surveys- Know how to interpret a correlationo -1 to 1 is r- Illusory correlationo Perception of a statistical association where none existsBiological Psychology- Different lobes of the braino Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobe- Motor cortex Temporal lobe- Auditory cortex Parietal lobe- Sensory cortex Occipital lobe- Visual cortexo Left is more logic, while right is more creative- Functions of the Amygdalao Emotions- Phineas Gageo Had a railroad spike go thorough his brain and it changed his personalitySensation and Perception- Top-down and bottom-up processingo Top-down-begins with conscious organization and interpretation of the stimuli using our beliefs and expectationso Bottom-up-begins with automatic sensory detection and encoding- Change blindness o Inability to detect changes in an object or scene usually due to a visual disruption- Inattention blindnesso Failure to notice that a new object has appeared because attention is focused elsewhere- Weber’s Lawo There is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensityLearning- UCS, UCR, CS, CR, and Neutral stimuluso Unconditioned Stimulus-stimulus that elicits an automatic response (meat powder)o Unconditioned Response-automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned (Salivation)o Conditioned Stimulus-initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus (metronome)o Conditioned Response- response previously associated witha non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning (Salivation)o Neutral Stimulus-metronome with no salivation- Acquisitiono Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established- Extinctiono Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus- Spontaneous recoveryo Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus- Renewal effecto Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquiredMemory- George Miller’s magic numbero 7±2- Working memoryo Ability to hold on to info we are currently thinking about, attending to, or processing actively- Short term memoryo Memory system that retains info for limited durations 5-20s- Long term memoryo Virtually unlimited info can be retained and can last from decades to permastore- Stages of memoryo Encodingo Storageo RetrievalSocial Psychology- Zimbardo and the Stanford prison studyo De-individuation- Milgram and the shocking experimento Obedience over conformityo The greater the psychological distance between the teacher and the experimenter, the less obediento The greater the psychological distance between the teacher and the learner, the more obedient- Ascho Conformity- Fundamental attribution erroro Attribute too much of another person’s behavior to their personality, attitudes, and intelligence.o Underestimate situational influences on others- Types of Altruismo Nepotistic Beneficial acts to relativeso Reciprocal Beneficial acts to non-relatives that are later repaid by the beneficiaryPersonality- Freud’s theory of personalityo Psychoanalytic Theory Psychic determinism-the belief that all psychological event have a cause Symbolic Meaning-All actions have a preceding mental cause Unconscious Motivation-We tend to behave automatically without thinking- The iceberg metaphoro The id is completely submerged- Ido Basic instincts and desires (Devil)o Completely unconscious- Egoo The boss of our personality- Superegoo Sense of morality (Angel)- Big 5 personality traitso Opennesso Conscientiousnesso Extraversiono Agreeablenesso NeuroticismEmotion- Eckman and his researcho Primary emotions Happiness, disgust, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and contempto Emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal- Theories of emotion and how to identify them through hypothetical exampleso James-Lange Theory-emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimulio Cannon Bard Theory-Emotion and bodily reactions happen simultaneouslyo 2 Factor Theory-emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution ofthat arousal (Rickety bridge)o Somatic marker Theory-we use our gut reactions to help us determine how we should acto Discrete Emotion Theory-Shaped by Natural Selection- Motivation-psychological drives that propel us in a specific directiono Extrinsic-external goalso Intrinsic-Internal goals- Homeostasiso To sustain life, certain substances and characteristics of the body must be kept within a restricted
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