Objectives: Chapter 14(Personality)NOTE: Our coverage of this chapter will be limited topp. 540-541, pp. 545-558, and pp. 561-566.1.Define personality. l壱A characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Your personality gives coherence to life and reflects the ideas of both nature and nurture1.Know Freud’s view of personality structure in terms of the id, ego, and superego.l壱Freud believed that all conscious actions were simply a reflection of unconscious desires.l壱Id: The most primitive part of personality, is the most animalistic. Similar to the functions of the Hippocampus, the 4 F’s.l壱Ego: Our largely conscious self and is driven by the reality principle, meaning that theego understands that not all the desires of the id can be immediately gratified. Instead, the ego tries to find socially acceptable ways of meeting the demands of the id.l壱Superego: Represents the internalized rules and ideals pressed upon us. It's our “conscience”, or Jimminy Crickett. 1.Know Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, and describe the effects of fixation on behavior. l壱1. Oral stages: mouth-related pleasure. Babies want immediate gratification and the conflict occurs when babies cannot deal with the fact that immediate gratification is not possible, resulting in an Oral Fixation as an adult (cigarette addiction, biting pens, always needing something in your mouth)l壱2. Anal stage: Bowel and bladder related pleasure (the pleasure in relieving yourself).The central conflict is gaining a sense of control or mastery over the body. Children thathad problems potty training. Results in anal fixation that causes personality anxieties related to order/cleanlinessl壱3. Phallic stage: Genital related pleasure. Conflict being that there is tension betweenillicit sexual desires and civilization's approved sexuality. Also known as the Oedipus complex and results in a genital fixation, or anxiety related to genital pleasure.l壱4. Latency stage: Not much going on, dormant sexual feelings, no notable conflicts, no fixationsl壱5. Genital stage: Maturation of sexual desires. Success entails finding a healthy expression of sexuality. No new fixation but prior fixations can emerge.1.Know how defense mechanisms may serve to protect the individual from anxiety (youdo not need to know all the specific defense mechanisms). l壱 Defense mechanisms are the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. ( examples: repression, denial, regression, displacement, rationalization, sublimation)1.Understand psychology’s current assessment of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, including its portrayal of the unconscious. l壱Most contemporary psychologists do NOT deem sex the sole basis of personality. They consider the unconscious as vital for information processing but not id driven impulses. Personality development is a life long process, and while repression is a key idea in psychoanalysis, it is rare that people will engage in full-scale repression.1.Know the definition of “trait” as it is used in personality psychology. l壱A trait is a relatively stable predisposition to feel and act a certain way. Many traits compose personality1.Know the Big Five trait dimensions. l壱O.C.E.A.Nl壱Openness to experience: (on the high end you're imaginative, intellectual, curious, unconventional. On the low end you're simple, down-to-earth, closed to new ideas)l壱Conscientiousness: on the high end: cautious, serious, responsible, thorough, organized, disciplined. Low end: irresponsible, disorganized, careless, lazy, impulsive, easy goingl壱Extroversion: High end: Sociable, assertive, energetic, adventurous, enthusiastic, outgoing. Low end: reserved, reflective, quiet, prefers being with a few close friends/alonel壱Agreeableness: High end: Good-natured, courteous, sympathetic, helpful. Low end: irritable, rude, cold, unkind, demanding, stubborn, show-offl壱Neuroticism: High end: nervous, anxious, excitable, high-strung, moody, irritable. Lowend: Calm, composed, relaxed, happy, stable, flexible.1.Know the person-situation controversy. l壱Personality is not totally fixed, it's responsive to situational factors. Therefore, you cannot try and predict behavior based on someone's
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