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PSY 2012 General Psych Exam 3 Study Guide Highlighted information is what Yoon focused on during the review session Chapter 6 Learning 1 What is learning and the major types of learning o Learning experience not a reflex driven behavior Change in an organism s behavior or thought as a result of o Major types of learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Latent Learning Observational Social Learning Insight Learning 2 What is classical conditioning and what are the four basic components of it o Classical Pavlovian Conditioning Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response o 4 basic components of classical conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus UCD Conditioned Response CR Unconditioned Response UCR Stimulus that elicits an automatic Automatic response to a non response neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus Initially neutral response that comes Response previously associated with Conditioned Stimulus CS Pavlov s classical conditioning experiment with dogs to study salivation o Pavlov performed the experiment by ringing the bell every time before feeding the dogs Over time the dogs associated the bell with eating Since the dogs salivate over food the ringing of the bell once associated with food led to salvation An Unconditioned Stimulus food produces an Unconditioned Response salvation Over time a Conditioned Stimulus bell ringing produces an Conditioned Response salvation Salvation stimulated by ringing the bell is considered conditioned since it was taught through associative learning A neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus by pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus so bell ringing went from a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus by pairing it with food 3 What does acquisition extinction spontaneous recovery generalization and discrimination mean o Acquisition Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established key requirement for success is timing Learning process in which the dogs are being repeatedly exposed to the bell ringing before eating but have yet to start salivating upon hearing the bell o Extinction Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus By continuously feeding the dogs without ringing the bell first the dogs will no longer associate the bell with eating and therefore will rarely salivate upon hearing the bell o Spontaneous Recovery Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus Since extinction suppresses the association of the bell ringing with eating rather than erasing it sporadically the dogs will still salivate upon hearing the bell o Stimulus Generalization Process by which conditioned stimuli similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response Inability to distinguish between the bell ringing and a metronome so the metronome can cause the dogs to salivate as well o Stimulus Discrimination Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus Ability to distinguish between the bell ringing and a drum so the drum will not cause the dogs to salivate 4 What is operant conditioning o Operant Conditioning Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism s behavior past experiences affects present behavior Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior Positive addition of something Negative removal of something Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the o Positive Reinforcement probability of the behavior Feeding an animal a treat buying a video game for your child because they are doing well in school receiving a good grade Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the o Negative Reinforcement probability of the behavior No longer blaring your horn once the driver in front of you finally moves discontinue shocking the rat once it touches the target removing stress once homework is completed Presentation of a stimulus that weakens the o Positive Punishment probability of the behavior Increasing your child s chores when they behave badly shock the rat when it presses the wrong target jail time out in terms of introducing something unpleasant Removal of a stimulus that weakens the probability o Negative Punishment of the behavior Taking away your child s electronic devices when they behave badly stop feeding your rat until it presses the target jail time out in terms of removing the ability to do other things that they want to do 5 What is the law of effect Thorndike o Law of Effect Principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future o Cat in a box experiment Throndike placed the same cats in a puzzle box repeatedly and measured the amount of time it took the cats to escape through the trap door When the cats made it out through the trap door they were provided with food As the number of times the cat was placed in the puzzle box increased the time it took for the carts to escape the puzzle box decreased 6 How punishment and negative reinforcement differ Outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the o Punishment probability of the behavior probability of the behavior o Negative Reinforcement Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the o Punishment decreases behavior and reinforcement increases behavior 7 How operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning What is the critical role of behavior in distinguishing classical conditioning from operant conditioning o Classical conditioning emphasizes automatic reflexive responses to stimuli via associative learning Practically involuntary o Operant conditioning emphasizes controlled deliberate behavior by an organism in order to influence its environment Environmental consequences shape behavior 8 Outline the evidence that supports latent learning o Latent Learning punishments aren t necessary for learning Learning that s not directly observable rewards and o There is a significant difference between competence


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FSU PSY 2012 - Chapter 6- Learning

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