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Unit Three Study GuideTopic One: Emotions, Stress, & HealthReadings:Pages: 360-371 & 410-440Key Terms:Cannon-Bard Theory StressCircadian rhythm Stress ManagementCoping Two-dimensional ModelEmotion Two-Factor TheoryJames-Lange TheoryConcepts:1. What are the three proposed theories of emotional experience? - James-Lange theory: our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotional-arousing stimuli.- Cannon-Bard theory: an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.- Two-factor theory: the Schachter-Stinger theory that to experience emotions one must both be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.2. What is the relation between emotional arousal and performance? Howis the relationship different for easy (or well-learned) tasks versus difficult tasks?- If you are over-emotional, you will perform badly, but you will dobest with just a little bit of emotion. For easy tasks, the more emotional, the better you will perform. But with more difficult tasks, more than just a little emotion will hurt your performance.3. How are thoughts or cognitions related to emotional experience?- One affects the other and visa versa. If you are already emotionally aroused, some of that emotion can spill over unto the knowledge of some event Thus, you are more emotional because of what was happening before. On the other hand, if you are in a bad mood and then get into a conversation with somebody, your cognition within that conversation will dull awaythe bad emotions (however they may still linger).4. What are cultural differences in emotional expression? Gender differences?- Emotional expressions are generally universal amongst differentcultures. Some cultures, particularly western ones, show moreemotional expression. But overall, the expressions themselves are the same.- Generally, girls are more emotional than guys. There are slight differences in expressing these emotions, however. Women tendto cry more often than men, and men tend to get more visually angry than women.5. Know the 2-dimensional model of emotion? What discreet emotions areincluded in this model?- Two-dimensional arousal: Low versus high arousal, and valence (pleasant versus unpleasant). For example, a relaxedemotion would be low arousal and pleasant. Angry would be high arousal and unpleasant. Fearful would be low arousal and unpleasant, while enthusiastic would be high arousal andpleasant.6. What is the feel-good-do-good phenomenon?- When you feel good, you are more likely to do good things. A happy customer is likely to tip their waiter higher than a pissed-off customer. A study found that by paralyzing the frown muscles in depressed people with the use of Botox, they could no longer frown and within months were not depressed anymore.7. Can money buy happiness?- Yes and no…- Rich people are happier than poverty stricken people. - Rich countries are on average happier.- Lottery winners tend to be happier, at least at first.- However, happiness has not risen in 50 years although personal buying power has.- Also, relative depravation plays a role. The more money you have, the higher the level at which you compare yourself to. - Money alleviates the stresses of one’s life while creating more stresses.8. How do we know that individuals tend towards happiness as a baselineemotional level?- Studies have been conducted that rated people’s happiness before they got a serious disease. When they found out they had a terrible disease, their happiness plummeted; but in time, they readjusted back to their normal happiness level. 9. What is stress? What are the two components that combine to form theexperience of stress?- Stress: the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, which we appraise as threatening or challenging.- AppraisalResponse10.What are the positive and negative effects of stress?- When short-lived, stress can motivate us to accomplish things; it can also mobilize the immune system for fighting off infections and healing wounds.- Prolonged stress can increase the risk for many types of chronic disease. It can also negatively impact eating, sleeping, depression, concentration, and performance.11.Detail the various effects that stress can have on health.- High blood pressure, which in turn can cause heart disease.- Depression.- Poor immune system.12.What is coping? What are the two types of coping mentioned in class?- Coping: alleviating stress by means of emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.- Problem-focused: directly dealing with the cause of the problem itself, the stressor.- Emotion-focused: dealing with the emotions caused by the problem, ignoring the stressor.13.What is the role of control in coping? (The “executive rat” experiment)- Those who are in control of a situation are better at coping with/solving the problem and thus, are less stressed. They are also healthier because they are less stressed.14.What is stress management? How is it different from coping?- Coping is the way we deal with stress we experience. While stress management is what we do to prevent the stress from happening in the first place. Healthy habits are a way to manage stress so that it has less of an effect on us.15.What are the different ways that we can manage stress? What is the best way according to research?- Exercise: sustained exercise that increase heart and lung fitness (the best way).- Biofeedback (heart rate, sweating, muscle tension)- Meditation16.Know the various stages of sleep, particularly Stage 4 and REM sleep.- Stage 1- Stage 2- Stage 3- Stage 4: the deepest sleep, body is least active.- REM sleep: Rapid eye movement. This is when you dream. Most restorative sleep. If you are deprived of REM sleep, you will quickly go through the first 4 stages, and spend a lot more time in REM sleep.17.Define each sleep disorder mentioned in class. If applicable, which stage of sleep is the disorder associated with?- Insomnia: problems falling or staying asleep- Narcolepsy: randomly falling deep asleep- Sleep Apnea: randomly stop breathing while asleep- Night terror: Occurs during stage 4, is not a nightmare (randomly screaming in the middle of the night, but you’re still asleep). High arousal and seldom remembered.- Sleepwalking: Occurs during stage 4.18.What are the different theories regarding why we dream?- Freud’s wish fulfillment: expressing feelings that are


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FSU PSY 2012 - Study Guide

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