Objectives Chapter 7 1 Memory Identify three stages of memory Encoding paying attention Storage keeping information Retrieval recalling information 2 Know the 3 stage processing model of memory proposed by Atkinson Shiffrin Sensory Memory Short Term aka Working Memory Long Term Memory In that order 3 Be able to define sensory memory and identify the two types of sensory memory we covered in class Sensory Memory very brief sensory activation Much sensory input never enters conscious processing Iconic Memory visual 1 2 Echoic Memory auditory 4 Be able to describe three functions of working memory and report its average capacity Brief memory for material that you are currently processing Helps coordinate ongoing mental activities Keep information active and accessible o Average capacity is about 7 items at a time 5 Explain how chunking may enhance access to information in the short term Chunking increases the amount of information that can fit in working memory IE it s the number of chunks not individual items grouping Example a phone number 941 289 1256 6 What is the serial position effect What is the source of primacy What is the source of recency Primacy is long term memory Remembering the first word in a list of words for example knowledge books teacher Recency is short term memory Remembering the last word in a list of words for example knowledge books teacher o Recall and retrieval term working memory 7 What is long term memory How does long term memory differ from short LTM memory for experience and information accumulated over your lifetime o Anything other than what we are currently processing working o Does not mean it has to be a long time ago o Large capacity o Cumulative information memory Short Term aka Working Memory used interchangeably but not quite the same o Short Term digit span o Working often more interesting complex span task very predictive of other cognitive abilities intelligence and problem solving o Any information you are currently processing 8 Be able to distinguish between implicit and explicit memory Explicit Memory memories we retrieve intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness o When asked to ponder the experiences and knowledge we have collected over a lifetime we are likely to focus on our explicit memories Implicit Memory retrieval independent of conscious reflection o List of different items 9 Contrast the recall recognition and relearning measures of memory Recognition selecting previously remembered information from an array of options the target is present in the current environment This memory is used in multiple choice questions Relearning faster learning of previously learned information works even without awareness Recall generating previously remembered information This memory is used with short essay questions 10 What is the DRM paradigm What do we use it to study In a recall task you are likely to include the lure in your list in our example sweet Also work in recognition with special distractions Very appealing method of study false memories 11 Explain how misinformation can distort our memory of an event Also why might it be difficult to distinguish between true and false memories Misinformation effect by presenting false information it will make people recall false memories 12 How are memory experts such as S F and Rajan able to accomplish their amazing feats SF Increased memory span to over 80 digits by 299 practice sessions over 2 years JF method of loci aka memory palace 13 What is levels of processing What does deep processing refer to Is the word in capital letters Visual what something looks like Acoustic what something sounds like Does it rhyme with mat Semantic what something means Does the word refer to a plant retention Deep meaningful information processing generally leads to more permanent Semantic is deep processing 14 Be aware of the effects of context encoding specificity state dependent memory Be able to describe the influence of context reinstatement on memory o Encoding specificity recall is better if retrieval context is similar to Context effects the encoding context This applies to Mental states state independent learning Physical context 15 Know what the spacing effect is and how you might make use of it to improve your grades Spacing Effect aka Distributed Practice you will remember more material if you spread your learning trials overtime o Cramming vs spacing your grades 16 Know what the testing effect is and how you might make use of it to improve Testing Effect taking a test is an excellent way to boost your long term recall for academic material o Testing provides practice in retrieving relevant material Rehearsal repetition strategy that maintains information in working memory Happens in short term but if successful continues into long term Flashbulb Memory vivid and emotional memories Can change overtime and can forget things Objectives Chapter 3 Biological Psychology Myelin Sheath accelerates information and wraps around axon and isolates 1 Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Define synapse Neurons are brain cells that specialize in communication Synapse The place where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrite of another neuron 2 Know how communications are sent within a neuron Communication inside neurons is electrical 3 Know how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other communication between neurons is chemical via neurotransmitters o neurotransmitters are released they bind with receptor sites of the next neuron 4 Know the function of GABA Glutamate Serotonin Dopamine and Endorphins GABA functions as the major chemical messenger that slows and stops chemical reactions throughout the central nervous system Decreases chance of communication between neurons Glutamate serves as the most important neurotransmitter of the central nervous system Glutamate participates in learning and memory Increases chance of communication between neurons Serotonin is a type of neurotransmitter that is found mainly in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract Serotonin is located in the GI tract where it is used to regulate digestion In the CNS serotonin helps regulate mood sleep appetite learning and memory Dopamine has a part in many important functions in the brain playing a role in cognition punishment motivation attention mood and sleep voluntary movement learning and working memory Endorphins the body s natural morphine like pain killers Endorphins help us
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