Chapter 1 Psychology Levels of analysis Multiply determined Na ve realism Scientific theory Hypothesis Confirmation bias Belief perseverance Metaphysical claim Pseudoscience Pareidolia Terror management theory Scientific skepticism Critical thinking Correlation causation fallacy Variable Falsifiable Replicability The scientific study of the mind brain and behavior Rungs on a ladder of analysis with lower levels tied more closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences Social Behavioral Mental Neurological Neurochemical Molecular Caused by many factors Belief that we see the world precisely as it is Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them Assertion about the world that is not testable Set of claims that seems scientific but aren t Tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli Theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror with which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural worldviews Approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them Set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open minded and careful fashion Error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another it must cause the other Anything that can vary Capable of being disproved When a study s finding are able to be duplicated ideally by independent investigators Introspection Structuralism Functionalism Natural selection Behaviorism Cognitive psychology Cognitive neuroscience Psychoanalysis Evolutional Psychology Basic research Applied research Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences School of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience School of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics Principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms School of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior School of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behavior New field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking School of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we re unaware Discipline that applies Darwin s theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior Research examining how the mind works Research examining how we can use basic research to solve real world problems Chapter 2 Heuristic Representativeness heuristic Base rate Availability heuristic Cognitive biases Hindsight bas Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world Heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype How common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population Heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds Systematic error in thinking Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted Overconfidence Naturalistic observation External validity Internal validity Case study Existence proof Random selection Reliability Validity Response set Correlational design Scatterplot Illusory correlation Experiment Random assignment Experimental group Control group Independent variable Dependent variable known outcomes Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions Watching behavior in real world settings without trying to manipulate the situation Extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings Extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study Research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth often over an extended time period Demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur Procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate Consistency of measurement Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure Tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated Grouping of points on a two dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person s data Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists Research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable Randomly sorting participants into two groups In an experiment the group of participants that receives the manipulation In an experiment the group of participants that doesn t receive the manipulation Variable that an experimenter manipulates Variable that an experimenter Operational definition Placebo effect Informed consent measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect IV A working definition of what a researcher is measuring Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate Chapter 7 Memory Memory illusion Sensory memory Iconic memory Echoic memory Short term memory Decay Interference Retroactive interference Proactive interference Retention of information over time False but subjectively compelling memory Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory Visual sensory memory Auditory sensory memory Memory system that retains information for limited durations Fading of information from memory over time Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information Magic number Chunking Rehearsal Maintenance rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Levels of processing Long term memory Permastore Primacy effect Recency effect Serial positioning curve Semantic memory Episodic memory Explicit memory Implicit memory
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