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Objectives: Chapter 11(Emotion and Motivation)NOTE: Our coverage of this chapter will be limited topp. 406-413 and pp. 429-432. Describe the Discrete Emotions theory, and distinguish between primary and secondary emotions. Emotions: Mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiencesDiscreet Emotions Theory Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology**All humans across the world share the same six emotions.** Six primary emotions Happiness, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, and anger Pride? Primary emotions combine to form secondary emotions Alarm = fear + surprise Contempt? = anger + disgustAll humans across the world share the same six emotions.Don't need to see emotions to experience them. Ex: Blind people. Explain how display rules affect the perception of emotion in other people. People are very good at identifying emotions (usually)o Cross culturallyDisplay rules = how and when to express emotionFactors shaping our own displays:o Cultural differences (Americans are very expressive)o Power differences (Laughing @ joke that isn't funny)o Gender differences (No differences in amt. of emotions--men show emotions less) (Men fall in love faster and out slower)o NOTE: “display” does not mean “feel”ex: fake smiles when come in 2nd or 3rd place Describe three major theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and two-factor theory (also called Schacter-Singer theory). James-Lange TheoryStimulus-->Physiological Arousal---->EmotionEx: Scared by bear, heart starts beating, then feel fear.BUT physiological arousal can be the same for 2 different emotions. Ex:heart beating = excitement or fearCannon-Bard theoryStimulus causes both Physiological Arousal and Emotion at the same time.Two-factor (Schacter-Singer) theoryStimulus---> Physiological Arousal <---->Cognitive Appraisal---->Emotion Define motivation as psychologists use the term today. Motivation is…psychological needs or desires that energize or direct behavior Identify three perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior.  1. Drive-Reduction Theory Basic idea: A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates organisms to seek need satisfaction. Ex:There's discomfort in not having the need met. 2. Incentive Theories Motivated behavior extends beyond satisfying drive  Define homeostasis as used by drive-reduction theorists. o Physiological Aim: Homeostasis Homeostasis: equilibrium (maintaining a balanced or constant internal state.To sustain life, certain substances and characteristics of the body must be kept within a restricted range— not too high or too low. Explain why evidence of curiosity-driven behavior supports incentive theories.  One piece of evidence for incentive theories is curiosity. • Animals often explore the world around them in the absence of any need-based drive.  Distinguish between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation: People are motivated by internal goals.Extrinsic motivation: People are motivated by external goals. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs” Modelo Emphasizes the prioritizing of diverse needs.o Basic needs before higher-level needs.Objectives: Chapter 15(Psychological Disorders)NOTE: Our coverage of this chapter will be limited topp. 584-586 and pp. 589-610. Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered. • Abnormal: Different from the norm– Unusual– Statistically atypical• Culture• Not all abnormal phenomena are bad• Abnormal behavior may be psychologically disordered if it causes significant distress."Normal Distress"• Some forms of distress and disability are the expected response to an event– E.g.: Grief over the death of a loved oneStatistical Deviants, Distress, and Dysfunction: 3 d's of identifying abnormal behavior.• Dysfunction : Impairs one’s ability to get along in lifeEx: Intense fear of heights• Everyone deviates, is distressed, or experiences dysfunction at times• It’s a matter of degree, not either-or! Describe the goals and content of the DSM-IV-TR. Classifying Psychological Disorders• Syndromes• DSM (1st edition 1952)– Current edition: DSM-IV-TR• Groups disorders by category• Checklist of observable symptoms for diagnoses– A name for a pattern of symptoms that are thought to indicate the presence of a disorder Discuss the benefits – but also the potential dangers – of using diagnosticlabels. Watch out for “psych student syndrome!”A reliably observed CONSTELLATION of symptoms must be present for at least an established length of time before someone can be diagnosed ashaving a psychological disorder. As suggested by our study of schemas,…– Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and interpretations.– E.g.: Rosenhan’s (1973) “undercover” studyThe media is often neither accurate nor kind in its portrayal of psychological disorders.– E.g.: Contra TV, only a few percent of people with mental disorders commit aggressive acts.– Should people with “diseases” be ridiculed? Mental health professionals use labels to…• Efficiently communicate about their cases• Bring to mind the “likely” underlying causes• Discern effective treatment programs Define anxiety disorders, and contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Defining feature:• Exaggeration of THREATResults in:• Distressing, persistent anxietyMay lead to:• Maladaptive, anxiety-reducing behaviors• Three anxiety disorders: • Generalized Anxiety DisorderDefining Feature:Continually tense and uneasy – even in the absence of any specificanxiety-provoking stimulus • Panic DisorderDefining Feature:Panic Attacks!-Intense Fear-Frightening Physiological Symptoms• Phobias-Intense fear of a particular animal, object, or situation. Explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience. Describe the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Defining Features:• Obsessions– Recurrent and persistent distress-causing thoughts• Compulsions– Repetitive behaviors driven by the obsession Common Types of Obsessions• Contamination (dirt, germs, etc.)• Repeated doubts• Need for symmetry, orderliness• Aggressive impulses• Sexual imageryCommon


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FSU PSY 2012 - Objectives: Chapter 11

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